{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:16:24Z","timestamp":1788185784800,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":335,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T18:47:00Z","timestamp":1593715620000},"page":"415-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Cardiometabolic Disease and Dysfunction Following Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.159228","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk","volume":"28","author":"Despres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-003-0085-y","article-title":"Cardiometabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Castro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328337a9e3","article-title":"Impact of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome on the prevalence of organ damage, cardiometabolic risk and cardiovascular events","volume":"28","author":"Mancia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.064","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult US population, 1999\u20132010","volume":"62","author":"Beltr\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1403-32","article-title":"Guideline-driven assessment of cardiovascular disease and related risks after spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Dyson-Hudson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2912","article-title":"Toward a unifying hypothesis of metabolic syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Bremer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.002","article-title":"Cardiometabolic syndrome in people with spinal cord injury\/disease: guideline-derived and nonguideline risk components in a pooled sample","volume":"97","author":"Nash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31802b8937","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and high blood pressure in veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders: a retrospective review","volume":"86","author":"Weaver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2009.11760749","article-title":"Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: an analysis by sex and level of injury","volume":"32","author":"Groah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e3181f68aba","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Groah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity in adults with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"97","author":"Pelletier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1204-1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Gorgey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101744","article-title":"A\u00a0review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Buchholz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.03.004","article-title":"Obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Gater","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1204-76","article-title":"Exercise to reduce obesity in SCI","volume":"12","author":"Nash","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.04.006","article-title":"Reducing cardiometabolic disease in spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Kressler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib17","first-page":"163","article-title":"Coronary artery disease: metabolic risk factors and latent disease in individuals with paraplegia","volume":"59","author":"Bauman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.491579","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease, SCI and exercise: unique risks and focused countermeasures","volume":"32","author":"Cowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102161","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: assessment of risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Bauman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.12.047","article-title":"Risk of stroke, heart attack, and diabetes complications among veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"89","author":"Banerjea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib21","series-title":"Spinal Cord Medicine","first-page":"427","article-title":"Recreational and Therapeutic Exercise after SCI","author":"Nash","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1903-183","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: results of exploratory factor analysis","volume":"19","author":"Libin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib23","first-page":"697","article-title":"Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Bauman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib24","first-page":"445","article-title":"High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients","volume":"67","author":"Brenes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.02.031","article-title":"A\u00a0guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia","volume":"88","author":"Nash","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100862","article-title":"Is immobilization associated with an abnormal lipoprotein profile? Observations from a diverse cohort","volume":"37","author":"Bauman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100513","article-title":"The effect of residual neurological deficit on serum lipoproteins in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Bauman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90126-0","article-title":"Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: a model of premature aging","volume":"43","author":"Bauman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772312Y.0000000034","article-title":"Evidence-based and heuristic approaches for customization of care in cardiometabolic syndrome after spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Nash","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib30","first-page":"880","article-title":"An examination of dietary intakes and nutritional status of chronic healthy spinal cord injured individuals","volume":"30","author":"Levine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198610000-00008","article-title":"Activity in the spinal cord-injured patient: an epidemiologic analysis of metabolic parameters","volume":"18","author":"Dearwater","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113911","article-title":"The spectrum of physical activity, cardiovascular disease and health: an epidemiologic perspective","volume":"120","author":"LaPorte","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8335","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92482-0","article-title":"HDL cholesterol across a spectrum of physical activity from quadriplegia to marathon running","volume":"1","author":"LaPorte","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/01952307.1992.11735869","article-title":"The serum lipoprotein profile in veterans with paraplegia: the relationship to nutritional factors and body mass index","volume":"15","author":"Zlotolow","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Paraplegia Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1999-8833","article-title":"Association of physical fitness with LDL and HDL subfractions in young healthy men","volume":"20","author":"Halle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1187","article-title":"Does the association of habitual physical activity with the metabolic syndrome differ by level of cardiorespiratory fitness?","volume":"27","author":"Franks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.23.2981","article-title":"Prevalence and cardiovascular disease correlates of low cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents and adults","volume":"294","author":"Carnethon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2010.00317.x","article-title":"Cardiometabolic syndrome and its association with education, smoking, diet, physical activity, and social support: findings from the Pennsylvania 2007 BRFSS Survey","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1403-58","article-title":"The impact of diet on cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Feasel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2404-379","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"24","author":"Nash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-199312000-00002","article-title":"Relationship of impairment and functional ability to habitual activity and fitness following spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Noreau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1053\/S0003-9993(03)00282-X","article-title":"Shoulder magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, wheelchair propulsion, and gender","volume":"84","author":"Boninger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.18216","article-title":"The relation of shoulder pain and range-of-motion problems to functional limitations, disability, and perceived health of men with spinal cord injury: a multifaceted longitudinal study","volume":"81","author":"Ballinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000171172.96290.67","article-title":"Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"84","author":"Scelza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.53","article-title":"Exercise participation barrier prevalence and association with exercise participation status in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"51","author":"Cowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1802-126","article-title":"Perceived exercise barriers and odds of exercise participation among persons with SCI living in high-income households","volume":"18","author":"Cowan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31825a12cd","article-title":"Perceived exercise self-efficacy as a predictor of exercise behavior in individuals aging with spinal cord injury","volume":"91","author":"Kroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-018-0203-z","article-title":"Guideline approaches for cardioendocrine disease surveillance and treatment following spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Nash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2017-0185","article-title":"Physical exercise for individuals with spinal cord injury: systematic review based on the international classification of functioning, disability, and health","volume":"28","author":"Gaspar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib50","series-title":"Spinal cord medicine","first-page":"831","article-title":"Therapeutic exercise after spinal cord injury","author":"Nash","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0017-3","article-title":"Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline","volume":"56","author":"Ginis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2018-0034","article-title":"Interventions for promoting physical activity among individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Rezende","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29885","article-title":"Specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues across adulthood evaluation by mechanistic model of resting energy expenditure","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib54","first-page":"590","article-title":"Reversal of adaptive left-ventricular atrophy following electrically-stimulated exercise training in human tetraplegics","volume":"29","author":"Nash","year":"1991","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib55","series-title":"Spinal cord medicine","first-page":"279","article-title":"Endocrinology and metabolism of persons with spinal cord injury","author":"Bauman","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.10.0159","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury: rationale for additions to International Standards for Neurological Assessment","volume":"44","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.02.002","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury: pulmonary physiologic principles and management","volume":"39","author":"Schilero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2010.11689714","article-title":"Physiotherapy secretion removal techniques in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181bb902f","article-title":"Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"MAR","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.115.1.105","article-title":"The size-principle - a deterministic output emerges from a set of probabilistic connections","volume":"115","author":"Henneman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib61","first-page":"231","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapies after spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Gater","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib62","series-title":"The physiology of exercise in spinal cord injury","first-page":"175","article-title":"Alterations in body composition after SCI and the mitigating role of exercise","author":"Gater","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000245","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile - Part I","volume":"37","author":"Gorgey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000244","article-title":"The effects of electrical stimulation on body composition and metabolic profile after spinal cord injury - Part II","volume":"38","author":"Gorgey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/42.2.177","article-title":"Thermic effect of feeding carbohydrate, fat, protein and mixed meal in lean and obese subjects","volume":"42","author":"Swaminathan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.4.12.370","article-title":"A biometric study of basal metabolism in man","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"1918","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.2.241","article-title":"A\u00a0new predictive equation for resting energy-expenditure in healthy-individuals","volume":"51","author":"Mifflin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1511401","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury clinical practice guideline for health care providers","volume":"42","author":"Nash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0242","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of the accuracy of estimated and measured resting metabolic rate in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib70","first-page":"419","article-title":"Energy-expenditure after spinal-cord injury - an evaluation of stable rehabilitating patients","volume":"25","author":"Cox","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/014860717900300609","article-title":"Metabolic response to injury and illness: estimation of energy and protein needs from indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance","volume":"3","author":"Long","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Parenter Eternal Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001166","article-title":"Caloric intake relative to total daily energy expenditure using a spinal cord injury\u2013specific correction factor: an analysis by level of injury","volume":"98","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x","article-title":"Densitometric analysis of body composition revision of some quantitative assumptions","volume":"110","author":"Brozek","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.134","article-title":"Evidence of dietary inadequacy in adults with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"47","author":"Walters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.05.013","article-title":"Frequency of dietary recalls, nutritional assessment, and body composition assessment in men with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Gorgey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31822672aa","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury","volume":"44","author":"Gorgey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2002-127","article-title":"Dietary intake relative to cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: a pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Lieberman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0590-z","article-title":"Energy balance components in persons with paraplegia: daily variation and appropriate measurement duration","volume":"14","author":"Nightingale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000294","article-title":"Dietary pattern as identified by factorial analysis and its association with lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose among Iranian individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Sabour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0218-4","article-title":"Nutritional status in chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2303-188","article-title":"Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Bigford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2016.04.389","article-title":"Dietary Guidelines 2015\u20132020","volume":"48","author":"Connors","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib83","unstructured":"Clinical practice guidelines: spinal cord medicine, 2018. Paralyzed Veterans of America. Available at: https:\/\/pva-cdnendpoint.azureedge.net\/prod\/libraries\/media\/pva\/library\/publications\/cpg_cardiometabolic-risk_digital.pdf."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879.e1-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.009","article-title":"FDA-approved anti-obesity drugs in the United States","volume":"129","author":"Daneschvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-019X.101288","article-title":"Nutraceuticals in pathogenic obesity; striking the right balance between energy imbalance and inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Kota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Nutrition and Nutraceuticals"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665111001662","article-title":"Pathogenic obesity and nutraceuticals","volume":"70","author":"Conroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2010.02.008","article-title":"Herbals used for diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Najm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.121","article-title":"Behavioral and pharmacologic therapies for obesity","volume":"6","author":"Vetter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(03)00042-3","article-title":"Orlistat in the treatment of obesity","volume":"30","author":"Hollander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2000.8","article-title":"Weight loss, weight maintenance, and improved cardiovascular risk factors after 2 years treatment with orlistat for obesity","volume":"8","author":"R\u00f6ssner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.155","article-title":"Xenical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study","volume":"27","author":"Torgerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629040-00001","article-title":"Safety of drug therapies used for weight loss and treatment of obesity","volume":"29","author":"Ioannides-Demos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"7631","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39385.413113.25","article-title":"Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis","volume":"335","author":"Rucker","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.024927","article-title":"Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine\/topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study","volume":"95","author":"Garvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.330","article-title":"Controlled-release phentermine\/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP)","volume":"20","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.07.014","article-title":"Phentermine cardiovascular safety","volume":"27","author":"Rothman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01242.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of a newly developed formulation of phentermine diffuse-controlled release for obesity","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"9741","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60888-4","article-title":"Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"376","author":"Greenway","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.147","article-title":"Weight loss with naltrexone SR\/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR-BMOD trial","volume":"19","author":"Wadden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4158\/EP151126.CS","article-title":"Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm\u20132016 executive summary","volume":"22","author":"Garber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2937","article-title":"Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes: synopsis of the 2017 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes","volume":"166","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.21","article-title":"Current coronary heart disease risk assessment tools may underestimate risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Finnie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000199","article-title":"Effects of prandial challenge on triglyceridemia, glycemia, and pro-inflammatory activity in persons with chronic paraplegia","volume":"38","author":"Ellenbroek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2005.11753827","article-title":"Evidence for an exaggerated postprandial lipemia in chronic paraplegia","volume":"28","author":"Nash","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1140390","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: prevalence of untreated risk factors and poor adherence to treatment guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Chopra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1179\/107902610x12883422813589","article-title":"Adherence with the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines in men with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"34","author":"Lieberman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.180","article-title":"Mortality benefit of statin use in traumatic spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis","volume":"54","author":"Stillman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.029","article-title":"Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of extended-release niacin monotherapy for treating dyslipidemia risks in persons with chronic tetraplegia: a randomized multicenter controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Nash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib109","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fenofibrate therapy to lower serum triglyceride concentrations in persons with spinal cord injury: a preliminary analysis of its safety profile","author":"La Fountaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53753-7","article-title":"A\u00a0four month randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of once-daily fenofibrate monotherapy in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"La Fountaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","article-title":"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)","volume":"311","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1785","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12237","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community","volume":"16","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000003","article-title":"An effective approach to high blood pressure control","volume":"63","author":"Go","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.122","article-title":"Hypertension and antihypertensive treatment in veterans with spinal cord injury and disorders","volume":"51","author":"Barry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1381\/096089206778026389","article-title":"Gastric bypass surgery in a paraplegic morbidly obese patient","volume":"16","author":"Alaedeen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1308\/003588414X13946184901083","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery for obese, wheelchair bound patients","volume":"96","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.129","article-title":"Morbid obesity after spinal cord injury: an ailment not to be treated?","volume":"67","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-1079-8","article-title":"Interdisciplinary European guidelines on metabolic and bariatric surgery","volume":"24","author":"Fried","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20461","volume":"21","author":"Mechanick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001686","article-title":"Who should get extended thromboprophylaxis after bariatric surgery?: a risk assessment tool to guide indications for post-discharge pharmacoprophylaxis","volume":"265","author":"Aminian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6","article-title":"Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition","volume":"109","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.07.001","article-title":"Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines","volume":"44","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965120300346?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965120300346?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:42:39Z","timestamp":1760931759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965120300346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965120300346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cardiometabolic Disease and Dysfunction Following Spinal Cord Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}