{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:55:05Z","timestamp":1761519305059,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]],"date-time":"2020-06-07T07:35:00Z","timestamp":1591515300000},"page":"471-498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hand Reconstruction in Children with Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Allan","family":"Peljovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"year":"2017","series-title":"2016 Annual Report - public version","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181558886","article-title":"Pediatric spinal injury type and severity are age and mechanism dependent","volume":"32","author":"Bilston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.11.021","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of spinal trauma in children and adolescents <18 years old","volume":"110","author":"Falavigna","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.014515","article-title":"Traumatic spinal injuries in children at a single level 1 pediatric trauma centre: report of a 23-year experience","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31824e32b5","article-title":"Spine injuries in polytraumatized pediatric patients: characteristics and experience from a Level I trauma center over two decades","volume":"73","author":"Hofbauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.PEDS17530","article-title":"Epidemiology of spinal injury in childhood and adolescence in the United States: 1997-2012","volume":"21","author":"Piatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.06.002","article-title":"Cervical spine injury in young children: a National Trauma Data Bank review","volume":"43","author":"Polk-Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib8","first-page":"291","article-title":"Sexual loss in relation to other functional losses for spinal cord injured males","volume":"57","author":"Hanson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101638","article-title":"Survey of the needs of patients with spinal cord injury: impact and priority for improvement in hand function in tetraplegics","volume":"42","author":"Snoek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.12.043","article-title":"Choice-based evaluation for the improvement of upper-extremity function compared with other impairments in tetraplegia","volume":"86","author":"Snoek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753934","article-title":"Opinions on the treatment of people with tetraplegia: contrasting perceptions of physiatrists and hand surgeons","volume":"30","author":"Curtin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.07.003","article-title":"Population-based utilities for upper extremity functions in the setting of tetraplegia","volume":"34","author":"Ram","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90227-0","article-title":"Functional hand surgery following tetraplegia","volume":"77","author":"Waters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101579","article-title":"Perceived outcomes and utilization of upper extremity surgical reconstruction in individuals with tetraplegia at model spinal cord injury systems","volume":"42","author":"Bryden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.08.014","article-title":"Physician perceptions of upper extremity reconstruction for the person with tetraplegia","volume":"30","author":"Curtin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.10.007","article-title":"Upper extremity reconstruction in the tetraplegic population, a national epidemiologic study","volume":"30","author":"Curtin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.11.022","article-title":"Understanding and overcoming barriers to upper limb surgical reconstruction after tetraplegia: the need for interdisciplinary collaboration","volume":"97","author":"Punj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.110","article-title":"Spinal cord injuries without radiologic abnormality in children: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Carroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.25665","article-title":"Cervical spine injuries in children: a review of 103 patients treated consecutively at a level 1 pediatric trauma center","volume":"36","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000819","article-title":"Cervical spine injuries in children associated with sports and recreational activities","volume":"34","author":"Babcock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90123-5","article-title":"Satisfaction with and usage of a hand neuroprosthesis","volume":"80","author":"Stroh Wuolle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2008.02.004","article-title":"Pediatric onset spinal cord injury: implications on management of the upper limb in tetraplegia","volume":"24","author":"Kozin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04411.x","article-title":"Spinal cord injuries in young children: a review of children injured at 5 years of age and younger","volume":"54","author":"Schottler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(79)80112-4","article-title":"Restoration of elbow extension in the tetraplegic patient using the Moberg technique","volume":"4","author":"DeBenedetti","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01223-3","article-title":"New concepts on treatment of the upper limb in the tetraplegic. Surgical restoration and functional neuromuscular stimulation","volume":"4","author":"Freehafer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100460","article-title":"Patient selection for an upper extremity neuroprosthesis in tetraplegic individuals","volume":"35","author":"Gorman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01226-9","article-title":"Surgical reconstruction in tetraplegia","volume":"4","author":"Hentz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(76)80009-3","article-title":"Restoration of strong grasp and lateral pinch in tetraplegia due to cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"1","author":"House","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(89)80017-6","article-title":"Implantable functional neuromuscular stimulation in the tetraplegic hand","volume":"14","author":"Keith","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.65B3.6841399","article-title":"Surgical reconstruction of the upper limb in traumatic tetraplegia. A review of 41 patients","volume":"65","author":"Lamb","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib32","first-page":"204","article-title":"The hand in quadriplegia","volume":"9","author":"Lamb","year":"1972","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"year":"1978","series-title":"The upper limb in tetraplegia: a new approach to surgical rehabilitation","author":"Moberg","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib33"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870010-00027","article-title":"Restoration of functional control by electrical stimulation in the upper extremity of the quadriplegic patient","volume":"70","author":"Peckham","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib35","first-page":"96","article-title":"Neural prostheses: clinical applications of functional electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Peckham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"year":"1968","series-title":"Structural and dynamic basis of hand surgery","author":"Zancolli","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib36"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib37","first-page":"101","article-title":"Surgery for the quadriplegic hand with active, strong wrist extension preserved. A study of 97 cases","author":"Zancolli","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib38","series-title":"Functional restoration of the upper limb in traumatic quadriplegia. Structural and dynamic bases of hand surgery","first-page":"229","author":"Zancolli","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib39","unstructured":"Hay-Smith J, Whitehead L, Keeling S. Getta a good grip on it: people with quadriplegia making decisions about upper limb surgery. Xth International Meeting on Surgical Rehabilitation of The Tetraplegic Upper Limb. Paris, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib40","unstructured":"Tournebise H, Allieu Y. What are elements that help a quadriplegic to decide to have surgery of the upper limb. Xth International Meeting on Surgical Rehabilitation of The Tetraplegic Upper Limb. Paris, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.09.026","article-title":"Decision-making about upper limb tendon transfer surgery by people with tetraplegia for more than 10 years","volume":"97","author":"Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.11.021","article-title":"Upper extremity assessment in tetraplegia: the importance of differentiating between upper and lower motor neuron paralysis","volume":"97","author":"Bryden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2015.12.013","article-title":"Nerve transfers in tetraplegia","volume":"32","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib44","first-page":"75","article-title":"Surgical rehabilitation of the tetraplegic upper extremity","volume":"5","author":"Keith","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuro Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1053\/mr.2000.3779","article-title":"Recovery of upper-extremity strength in complete and incomplete tetraplegia: a multicenter study","volume":"81","author":"Ditunno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib46","first-page":"431","article-title":"Motor recovery of the upper extremities in traumatic quadriplegia: a multicenter study","volume":"73","author":"Ditunno","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib47","unstructured":"Peljovich AE, Candia J, Kalmer S, et\u00a0al. Achieving neurological stability in complete traumatic tetraplegia. Tenth International Meeting on Surgical Rehabilitation Of the Tetraplegic Upper Limb. Paris, France, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib48","first-page":"115","article-title":"Upper and lower motor neuron lesions in the upper extremity muscles of tetraplegics","volume":"14","author":"Peckham","year":"1976","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(80)80076-1","article-title":"Restoration of key grip and release in the C6 tetraplegic patient through functional electrical stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Peckham","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(10)80139-X","article-title":"Tendon transfers in patients with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Freehafer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199704000-00008","article-title":"An implanted upper-extremity neuroprosthesis. Follow-up of five patients","volume":"79","author":"Kilgore","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25910","article-title":"Efficacy of an implanted neuroprosthesis for restoring hand grasp in tetraplegia: a multicenter study","volume":"82","author":"Peckham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.30919","article-title":"An advanced neuroprosthesis for restoration of hand and upper arm control using an implantable controller","volume":"27","author":"Peckham","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.01.007","article-title":"An implanted upper-extremity neuroprosthesis using myoelectric control","volume":"33","author":"Kilgore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.01.028","article-title":"Implanted neuroprosthesis for restoring arm and hand function in people with high level tetraplegia","volume":"95","author":"Memberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.12.002","article-title":"Nerve transfers: indications, techniques, and outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Tung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.84392","article-title":"Nerve transfers in tetraplegia I: background and technique","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.10.001","article-title":"Nerve transfer strategies for spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"Senjaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1558427","article-title":"Review of upper extremity nerve transfer in cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Cain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.5.SPINE151544","article-title":"Nerve transfers for restoration of finger flexion in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"26","author":"Bertelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31143-2","article-title":"Expanding traditional tendon-based techniques with nerve transfers for the restoration of upper limb function in tetraplegia: a prospective case series","volume":"394","author":"van Zyl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(86)80213-1","article-title":"The second international conference on surgical rehabilitation of the upper limb in tetraplegia (quadriplegia)","volume":"11A","author":"McDowell","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib63","first-page":"258","article-title":"Fourth international conference on surgical rehabilitation of the upper limb in tetraplegia","volume":"10","author":"LeClercq","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Chir Main Membre Superievr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01225-7","article-title":"Upper limb surgical rehabilitation in high-level tetraplegia","volume":"4","author":"Ejeskar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib65","series-title":"Operative orthopaedics","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Surgical treatment for tetraplegia: upper limb","author":"Freehafer","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(79)80083-0","article-title":"International conference on surgical rehabilitation of the upper limb in tetraplegia","volume":"4A","author":"McDowell","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib67","series-title":"Rehabilitation of the hand","article-title":"Helpful upper limb surgery in tetraplegia","author":"Moberg","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib68","series-title":"Tendon surgery in the hand","first-page":"496","article-title":"Current treatment program using tendon surgery in tetraplegia","author":"Moberg","year":"1987"},{"issue":"A","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199609000-00016","article-title":"The effect of a flexion contracture of the elbow on the ability to transfer in patients who have quadriplegia at the sixth cervical level","volume":"78","author":"Grover","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.01.026","article-title":"Activity gains after reconstructions of elbow extension in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"37","author":"Wangdell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(02)00006-9","article-title":"Management of the paralyzed elbow in tetraplegia","volume":"18","author":"Hoyen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0840","article-title":"Changes in skills required for using a manual wheelchair after reconstructive hand surgery in tetraplegia","volume":"43","author":"Lamberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Med"},{"year":"1947","series-title":"Studies to determine the functional requirements for hand and arm prosthesis. Final report to the National Academy of Sciences","author":"Boelter","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib73"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30088","article-title":"Nerve transfer for sensory reconstruction of C8-T1 dermatomes in tetraplegia","volume":"36","author":"Bertelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib75","series-title":"Atlas of the hand clinics","first-page":"79","article-title":"Tendon transfers for restoration of active grasp","author":"Peljovich","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(87)80278-2","article-title":"Effect of triceps function on the brachioradialis transfer in quadriplegia","volume":"12","author":"Brys","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(03)00485-4","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of biceps to triceps and deltoid to triceps for elbow extension in tetraplegia","volume":"28","author":"Mulcahey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171141","article-title":"Voluntary activation of biceps-to-triceps and deltoid-to-triceps transfers in quadriplegia","volume":"12","author":"Peterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197557020-00012","article-title":"Surgical treatment for absent single-hand grip and elbow extension in quadriplegia. Principles and preliminary experience","volume":"57","author":"Moberg","year":"1975","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.20161","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of the posterior deltoid to triceps tendon transfer based on muscle architectural properties","volume":"26","author":"Friden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101025","article-title":"Deltoid triceps transfer and functional independence of people with tetraplegia","volume":"38","author":"Dunkerley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(91)90176-O","article-title":"An improved technique of posterior deltoid to triceps transfer in tetraplegia","volume":"16","author":"Mennen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199410000-00003","article-title":"Single-stage reconstruction of key pinch and extension of the elbow in tetraplegic patients [see comments]","volume":"76","author":"Paul","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-968X(83)80034-5","article-title":"A\u00a0new surgical technique to correct triceps paralysis","volume":"15","author":"Castro-Sierra","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(86)80195-2","article-title":"The posterior deltoid to triceps transfer, a clinical and biomechanical assessment","volume":"11","author":"Lacey","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib86","first-page":"33","article-title":"Length-tension relationship of the posterior deltoid to triceps transfer in C6 tetraplegic patients","volume":"31","author":"Rabischong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0b013e318196c92d","article-title":"Posterior deltoid-to-triceps tendon transfer to restore active elbow extension in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"13","author":"Bonds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.01.027","article-title":"Surgical technique: posterior deltoid-to-triceps transfer in tetraplegic patients","volume":"36","author":"Netscher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.jhsu025a0144","article-title":"Protection of the deltoid to triceps tendon transfer repair sites","volume":"25","author":"Friden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib90","unstructured":"Friden J. Early active training of deltoid to triceps transfers: a controlled study. Xth International Meeting on Surgical Rehabilitation of The Tetraplegic Upper Limb. Paris, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195436030-00019","article-title":"Transposition of the biceps brachii for triceps weakness","volume":"36","author":"Friedenberg","year":"1954","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.jhsu24a0161","article-title":"Biceps-to-triceps transfer in tetraplegic patients; report of the medial routing technique and follow-up of three cases","volume":"24","author":"Kuz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1054\/JHSB.1998.0184","article-title":"Biceps-to-triceps transfer in tetraplegia: the medial route","volume":"24B","author":"Revol","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20883","article-title":"Transfer of axillary nerve branches to reconstruct elbow extension in tetraplegics: a laboratory investigation of surgical feasibility","volume":"31","author":"Bertelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nerve transfers in the upper extremity following cervical spinal cord injury. Part 2: Preliminary results of a prospective clinical trial","author":"Khalifeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib96","first-page":"121","article-title":"Nerve transfers for elbow and finger extension reconstruction in midcervical spinal cord injuries","volume":"122","author":"Bertelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.03.011","article-title":"Biceps-to-triceps transfer for elbow extension in persons with tetraplegia","volume":"35","author":"Kozin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.01.037","article-title":"Rehabilitation after posterior deltoid to triceps transfer in tetraplegia","volume":"97","author":"Koch-Borner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944716646764","article-title":"Biceps to triceps transfer in tetraplegic patients: our experience and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Medina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.26188","article-title":"Activation patterns of the thumb muscles during stable and unstable pinch tasks","volume":"26","author":"Johanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.02.025","article-title":"Dorsal transfer of the brachioradialis to the flexor pollicis longus enables simultaneous powering of key pinch and forearm pronation","volume":"31","author":"Ward","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.11.006","article-title":"Comparison of wrist and elbow stabilization following pinch reconstruction in tetraplegia","volume":"36","author":"Johanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"year":"2002","series-title":"Surgical rehabilitation of the upper limb in tetraplegia","author":"Hentz","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib103"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0b013e31821b5896","article-title":"A\u00a0single-stage operation for reconstruction of hand flexion, extension, and intrinsic function in tetraplegia: the alphabet procedure","volume":"15","author":"Frid\u00e9n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.02.041","article-title":"Outcomes of single-stage grip-release reconstruction in tetraplegia","volume":"38","author":"Reinholdt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1304-24","article-title":"Single-stage tendon transfer reconstruction for active pinch and grasp in tetraplegia","volume":"13","author":"Koo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Top Sp Cord Inj Rehab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(85)80243-4","article-title":"Restoration of strong grasp and lateral pinch in tetraplegia: a comparison of two methods of thumb control in each patient","volume":"10","author":"House","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib108","unstructured":"Guinet A, Rech C, Even-Schneider A, et\u00a0al. Self-catheterization acquisition after hand reanimation protocols in C5-C7 tetraplegic patients. Xth International Meeting on Surgical Rehabilitation of The Tetraplegic Upper Limb. Paris, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(84)80073-8","article-title":"Tendon transfer for the restoration of upper limb function after a cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Freehafer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib110","first-page":"204","article-title":"Results of reconstructive surgery in the upper limb of tetraplegic patients","volume":"26","author":"Ejeskar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.74B6.1447249","article-title":"Upper limb surgery for tetraplegia","volume":"74B","author":"Mohammed","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2003.50083","article-title":"Upper limb surgery for tetraplegia: a 10-year re-review of hand function","volume":"28","author":"Rothwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(98)80164-2","article-title":"The outcome of tendon transfers for C6-spared quadriplegics","volume":"23","author":"Lo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib114","unstructured":"Carles A, Vincenti P, Floris L, et\u00a0al. Evaluation of the long term results of functional surgery of the upper limbs in tetraplegic individuals. Xth International Meeting on Surgical Rehabilitation of The Tetraplegic Upper Limb. Paris, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib115","unstructured":"Snoek GJ, Bongers-Janssen H, Nene A. Long term patient satisfaction after reconstructive upper extremity surgery to improve arm-hand function in tetraplegia. Xth International Meeting on Surgical Rehabilitation of The Tetraplegic Upper Limb. Paris, 2010."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.21","article-title":"Long-term patient satisfaction after reconstructive upper extremity surgery to improve arm-hand function in tetraplegia","volume":"49","author":"Jaspers Focks-Feenstra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.06.001","article-title":"Short-term versus long-term comparative results after reconstructive upper-limb surgery in tetraplegic patients","volume":"31","author":"Vastamaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.11.037","article-title":"The effects of aging on upper limb tendon transfers in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"39","author":"Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1502-90","article-title":"Life impacts following reconstructive hand surgery for tetraplegia","volume":"15","author":"Sinnott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.768709","article-title":"Enhanced independence: experiences after regaining grip function in people with tetraplegia","volume":"35","author":"Wangdell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193410373184","article-title":"Satisfaction and performance in patient selected goals after grip reconstruction in tetraplegia","volume":"35","author":"Wangdell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000259","article-title":"Satisfaction with upper extremity surgery in individuals with tetraplegia","volume":"38","author":"Gregersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.120","article-title":"Self-catheterization acquisition after hand reanimation protocols in C5-C7 tetraplegic patients","volume":"49","author":"Bernuz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182367642","article-title":"Transfer of the distal terminal motor branch of the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the nerve of the flexor pollicis longus: an anatomic study and clinical application in a tetraplegic patient","volume":"70","author":"Bertelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib125","first-page":"1457","article-title":"Transfer of the teres minor motor branch for triceps reinnervation in tetraplegia","volume":"114","author":"Bertelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.07.012","article-title":"Transfer of supinator motor branches to the posterior interosseous nerve to reconstruct thumb and finger extension in tetraplegia: case report","volume":"35","author":"Bertelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.06.017","article-title":"Upper limb reinnervation in C6 tetraplegia using a triple nerve transfer: case report","volume":"39","author":"van Zyl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965120300371?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965120300371?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:41:53Z","timestamp":1760931713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965120300371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965120300371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1047-9651"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hand Reconstruction in Children with Spinal Cord Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.04.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}