{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T14:29:48Z","timestamp":1776522588358,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T13:27:21Z","timestamp":1690896441000},"page":"155-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pharmacology in Treatment of Patients with Disorders of Consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.06.021","article-title":"Post-traumatic Confusional State: A Case Definition and Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"101","author":"Sherer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01246-9","article-title":"A Precision Medicine Framework for Classifying Patients with Disorders of Consciousness: Advanced Classification of Consciousness Endotypes (ACCESS)","volume":"35","author":"Kondziella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200102000-00014","article-title":"Possible Applications for Dopaminergic Agents Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Part 2: Update on Pharmacology","volume":"16","author":"Zafonte","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Head Trauama Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02306-2","article-title":"Amantadine: reappraisal of the timeless diamond\u2014target updates and novel therapeutic potentials","volume":"128","author":"Danysz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.20831","article-title":"Positive outcomes in traumatic brain injury-vegetative state: patients treated with bromocriptine","volume":"82","author":"Passler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.4.416","article-title":"Motivational deficits after brain injury: effects of bromocriptine in 11 patients","volume":"60","author":"Powell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241040-00003","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokiinetic and Pharmacodynami Properties of Drugs Used in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease","volume":"41","author":"Deleu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.28.2.216","article-title":"Comparative Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Amantadine Hydrochloride and Rimantadine Hydrochloride in Young and Healthy Adults","volume":"28","author":"Hayden","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200208000-00004","article-title":"Amantadine to improve neurorecovery in traumatic brain injury-associated diffuse axonal injury: A pilot double-blind randomized trial","volume":"17","author":"Meythaler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102609","article-title":"Placebo-Controlled Trial of Amantadine for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"366","author":"Giacino Joseph","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000487","article-title":"Comparison of amantadine, modafinil, and standard of care in the acute treatment of disorders of consciousness after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"45","author":"Hintze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1476733","article-title":"The effects of amantadine on traumatic brain injury outcome: a double-blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Ghalaenovi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-014-2077-x","article-title":"Effect of amantadine in minimally conscious state of non-traumatic etiology","volume":"156","author":"Avecillas-Chas\u00edn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib14","article-title":"Awakening with amantadine from a persistent vegetative state after subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"2017","author":"Lehnerer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib15","first-page":"1584","article-title":"Clinical and electroencephalographic on-off effect of amantadine in chronic non-traumatic minimally conscious state","volume":"262","author":"Estraneo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib16","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Effect of amantadine on vegetative state after traumatic brain injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib17","first-page":"19225","article-title":"Effects of Bromocriptine on Central Dopaminergic Receptors","author":"Trabucchi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Life Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3109\/02699051003610433","article-title":"Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine for severe disorders of consciousness after traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Fridman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050802649662","article-title":"Fast awakening from minimally conscious state with apomorphine","volume":"23","author":"Fridman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib20","first-page":"741571","article-title":"awakenings from persistent vegetative state: report of three cases with parkinsonism and brain stem lesions on MRI","author":"Matsuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000508","article-title":"Accelerated emergence from a nontraumatic minimally conscious state with levodopa\/carbidopa","volume":"8","author":"Bancalari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib22","unstructured":"IBM Micromedex\u00ae DRUGDEX\u00ae (electronic version). (Methylphenidate Hydrochloride) Internet. IBM Watson Health\/EBSCO Information Services, Greenwood Village, Colorado, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Available at: https:\/\/www.dynamed.com. Accessed May 8, 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000128789.75375.D3","article-title":"Effects of methylphenidate on attention deficits after traumatic brain injury: a multidimensional, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Whyte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181154a84","article-title":"The effects of methylphenidate on command following and yes\/no communication in persons with severe disorders of consciousness: a meta-analysis of n-of-1 studies","volume":"86","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib25","first-page":"382","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Methyiphenidate in Man, Rat and Monkey","volume":"226","author":"Wargin","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib26","first-page":"271","article-title":"Modafi nil in the treatment of excessive sleepiness","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1236414","article-title":"Does Modafinil improve the level of consciousness for people with a prolonged disorder of consciousness?: a retrospective pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Dhamapurkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30031-6","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness","volume":"18","author":"Thibaut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.012","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen in patients with persistent vegetative state: 2 hypotheses","volume":"90","author":"Sar\u00e0","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2566","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2566","article-title":"On the recovery of disorders of consciousness under intrathecal baclofen administration for severe spasticity-An observational study","volume":"12","author":"Halbmayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib31","first-page":"68","article-title":"Extraordinary Arousal from Semi-Comatose State on Zolpidem","volume":"90","author":"Clauss","year":"2000","journal-title":"S\u00a0Afr Med J"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib32","first-page":"4140","article-title":"Disorders of Consciousness and Pharmaceuticals that act on Oxygen Based Amino Acid and Monoamine Neurotransmitter Pathways of the Brain","volume":"20","author":"Clauss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pharmaceut Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib33","first-page":"2123","article-title":"Drug induces arousal from the permanent vegetative state","author":"Clauss","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.08.137","article-title":"Transient reversal of anoxic brain injury-related minimally conscious state after zolpidem administration: a case report","volume":"89","author":"Shames","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181a0e3a0","article-title":"Incidence of clinically significant responses to zolpidem among patients with disorders of consciousness: a preliminary placebo controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Whyte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000069","article-title":"Zolpidem and restoration of consciousness","volume":"93","author":"Whyte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1133","article-title":"Zolpidem for the Treatment of Neurologic Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"74","author":"Bomalaski","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12215","article-title":"Transient awakening from vegetative state: Is high-dose zolpidem more effective?","volume":"69","author":"Calabro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.08.733","article-title":"Poster 354 lorazepam trial for a patient with a disorder of consciousness: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Luz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.24.13.1177.38089","article-title":"Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: literature review and treatment options","volume":"24","author":"Mancuso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060726","article-title":"A\u00a0Retrospective Analysis on Clinical Practice-Based Approaches Using Zolpidem and Lorazepam in Disorders of Consciousness","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00181","article-title":"A\u00a0clinical review of the treatment of catatonia","volume":"5","author":"Sienaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023_bib43","unstructured":"Interlandi, J. A Drug that Wakes the Near Dead. The New York Times Magazine. 1 December 2011. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/12\/04\/magazine\/can-ambien-wake-minimally-conscious.html."}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965123000748?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965123000748?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T03:13:09Z","timestamp":1715397189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965123000748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965123000748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacology in Treatment of Patients with Disorders of Consciousness","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}