{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:20:25Z","timestamp":1781169625254,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T11:15:35Z","timestamp":1757157335000},"page":"781-799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Facial Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Sunico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002840","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: new classification and diagnostic grading for practice and research","volume":"87","author":"Cruccu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1914484","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"383","author":"Cruccu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1963.00460010031003","article-title":"The etiology of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"8","author":"Kerr","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib4","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"77","author":"Krafft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.09.001","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"41","author":"Allam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2023.12.011","article-title":"Trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia","volume":"42","author":"Allam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411424619","article-title":"Prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia and persistent idiopathic facial pain: a population-based study","volume":"31","author":"Mueller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30233-7","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200201000-00002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: the ignition hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Devor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu349","article-title":"Significance of neurovascular contact in classical trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"138","author":"Maarbjerg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000326598.83183.04","article-title":"Practice parameter: the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American academy of neurology and the european Federation of neurological societies","volume":"71","author":"Gronseth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01356.x","article-title":"Trigeminal neuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Pe\u00f1arrocha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib13","article-title":"Recognition, classification and treatment of trigeminal neuropathy","volume":"184","author":"Miscov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib14","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Trigeminal neuropathy","author":"Veerapaneni","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib15","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Occipital neuralgia","author":"Djavaherian","year":"2024"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-021-00972-1","article-title":"Occipital neuralgia","volume":"25","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-024-01288-6","article-title":"Conservative management of occipital neuralgia supported by physical therapy: a review of available research and mechanistic rationale to guide treatment","volume":"28","author":"Deuel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008360","article-title":"An update on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of occipital neuralgia","volume":"33","author":"Swanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"Headache classification committee of the international headache society (IHS) the international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181a0720e","article-title":"Indications and outcomes for surgical treatment of patients with chronic migraine headaches caused by occipital neuralgia","volume":"123","author":"Ducic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003395","article-title":"In-Depth review of symptoms, triggers, and treatment of occipital migraine headaches (site IV)","volume":"139","author":"Ascha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009777","article-title":"Minimally invasive Nerve- and muscle-sparing surgical decompression for occipital neuralgia","volume":"151","author":"Pietramaggiori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510040027002","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal (vagoglossopharyngeal) neuralgia: a study of 217 cases","volume":"38","author":"Rushton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-020-01918-6","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, an usually overlooked diagnosis: a prospective single center observation study","volume":"74","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2024.01.024","article-title":"Surgical management of nervus intermedius neuralgia: a report of 4 cases and literature review","volume":"121","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14066","article-title":"A pain in the ear: two case reports of nervus intermedius neuralgia and narrative review","volume":"61","author":"Robblee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.JNS172495","article-title":"Pain-free and pain-controlled survival after sectioning the nervus intermedius in nervus intermedius neuralgia: a single-institution review","volume":"131","author":"Holste","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib28","article-title":"Pain symptoms in optic neuritis","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000768","article-title":"Optic neuritis","volume":"25","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.81","article-title":"Optic neuritis","volume":"25","author":"Pau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11910-z","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the neuromyelitis optica study group (NEMOS). Part II: attack therapy and long-term management","volume":"271","author":"K\u00fcmpfel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221133386","article-title":"Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: a case report with atypical features and a review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Furia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2019.05.029","article-title":"Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: MRI findings in 2 patients","volume":"14","author":"Sharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib34","article-title":"Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy in an adult patient: a case report with literature review","volume":"14","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2656","article-title":"Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: migraine, neuralgia, or something else?","volume":"34","author":"Aleksic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811426502","article-title":"Ophthalmoplegic \u201cmigraine\u201d or recurrent ophthalmoplegic cranial neuropathy: new cases and a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Gelfand","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01274-x","article-title":"Diagnostic controversies in recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: single case report with a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Falsaperla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2009.02003.x","article-title":"Ophthalmoplegic migraine. Two patients with an absolute response to indomethacin","volume":"30","author":"Pareja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib39","article-title":"Treatment of recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: a case where pregabalin was successfully employed","volume":"2019","author":"Zamproni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2016-001530","article-title":"Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2020.1791190","article-title":"A case of recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy successfully treated with beta-blocker eye drop instillation","volume":"45","author":"Takemoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.155150","article-title":"Pain in ischaemic ocular motor cranial nerve palsies","volume":"93","author":"Wilker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.37685\/uiwlibraries.2575-7717.4.2.1060","article-title":"Ischemic cranial nerve III palsy: diagnosis, management, and Follow-up","volume":"4","author":"Brady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optometric Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib44","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Cranial nerve III palsy","author":"Modi","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01193-4","article-title":"Review of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, recent updates","volume":"27","author":"Kmeid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715632","article-title":"Tolosa-hunt syndrome in childhood and adolescence: a literature review in the last 10 years","volume":"52","author":"Gama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.joco_134_20","article-title":"Tolosa-hunt syndrome: a review of diagnostic criteria and unresolved issues","volume":"33","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_368_18","article-title":"Tolosa-hunt syndrome: long-term outcome and role of steroid-sparing agents","volume":"23","author":"Arthur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03532.x","article-title":"Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome: a case report","volume":"3","author":"Murnane","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000524","article-title":"Raeder paratrigeminal neuralgia evolving to hemicrania continua","volume":"92","author":"Porzukowiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826aad1f","article-title":"Raeder syndrome produced by extension of chronic inflammation to the internal carotid artery","volume":"79","author":"Nagel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.121654","article-title":"Raeder\u2019s paratrigeminal syndrome: a case report of a rare disease","volume":"455","author":"Smaoui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510190013004","article-title":"Raeder's paratrigeminal syndrome. Original concept and subsequent deviations","volume":"39","author":"Mokri","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101097","article-title":"A systematic review of case reports on the neck-tongue syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416681570","article-title":"Neck-tongue syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Gelfand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0555-y","article-title":"Neck-tongue syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.4.407","article-title":"Neck tongue syndrome: operative management","volume":"47","author":"Elisevich","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2024.50.2.63","article-title":"Burning measure for burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Tirupathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13526","article-title":"Salivary and serum biomarkers to evaluate psychological disorders in burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2023.07.007","article-title":"Management of burning mouth syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Thakkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib61","first-page":"24","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome: a review of etiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"67","author":"Teruel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2009.01099.x","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome and psychological disorders","volume":"54","author":"Abetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13156","article-title":"Grey matter changes of the pain matrix in patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Sinding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001090","article-title":"Is burning mouth syndrome a neuropathic pain condition?","volume":"159","author":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175561","article-title":"Salivary complaints in burning mouth syndrome: a cross sectional study on 500 patients","volume":"12","author":"Canfora","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01169.x","article-title":"Cognitive therapy in the treatment of patients with resistant burning mouth syndrome: a controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Bergdahl","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13443","article-title":"Effects of photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy in burning mouth syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"de Pedro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.10.005","article-title":"The efficacy of daily prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for burning mouth syndrome (BMS): a randomized controlled single-blind study","volume":"9","author":"Umezaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01737.x","article-title":"A prospective, randomized study on the efficacy of tongue protector in patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"17","author":"L\u00f3pez-Jornet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211036152","article-title":"A systematic review of treatment for patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13693","article-title":"Treatment outcomes and related clinical characteristics in patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295559","article-title":"Topical gabapentin solution for the management of burning mouth syndrome: a retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Gramacy","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.6.786","article-title":"Effectiveness of gabapentin for treatment of burning mouth syndrome","volume":"130","author":"White","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e635","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.16942","article-title":"Combination of alpha lipoic acid and Gabapentin, its efficacy in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"L\u00f3pez-D'alessandro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet125","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of facial pain and guidelines for management","volume":"111","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121727","article-title":"Review of the treatments for central neuropathic pain","volume":"12","author":"Sheldon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00914-4","article-title":"Central neuropathic pain syndromes: current and emerging pharmacological strategies","volume":"36","author":"Gurba","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.01.017","article-title":"Central neuropathic pain syndromes","volume":"91","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib79","series-title":"Idiopathic facial pain syndromes","author":"Ziegeler","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417706349","article-title":"Persistent idiopathic facial pain","volume":"37","author":"Benoliel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133821","article-title":"Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) in patients referred to a multidisciplinary centre in Italy: a retrospective observational study","volume":"11","author":"Schweiger","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-022-00254-1","article-title":"Multimodal pain therapy for persistent idiopathic facial pain - a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Foerster","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioPsychoSocial Med"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965125000567?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965125000567?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T23:11:54Z","timestamp":1761779514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965125000567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965125000567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Facial Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2025.07.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}