{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:05:55Z","timestamp":1777874755064,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:36:09Z","timestamp":1771274169000},"page":"329-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can Spasticity Be Prevented? Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Radha","family":"Korupolu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Argyrios","family":"Stampas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib1","volume":"vol. 1","year":"1849"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196600460-00002","article-title":"On the influence of abnormal parturition, difficult labours, premature birth, and asphyxia neonatorum, on the mental and physical condition of the child, especially in relation to deformities","volume":"46","author":"Little","year":"1966","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010406","article-title":"Pathophysiology and management strategies for post-stroke spasticity: an update review","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2010.00149","article-title":"Spasticity mechanisms - for the clinician","volume":"1","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.07.004","article-title":"Spasticity in multiple sclerosis: contribution of inflammation, autoimmune mediated neuronal damage and therapeutic interventions","volume":"16","author":"Patejdl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108350","article-title":"Muscle physiology in spasticity and muscle stiffness","volume":"259","author":"Raghavan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.017","article-title":"Neurobiological perspective of spasticity as occurs after a spinal cord injury","volume":"235","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib8","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Rehabilitation medicine: 3. Management of adult spasticity","volume":"169","author":"Satkunam","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ (Can Med Assoc J)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/354906","article-title":"Pathophysiology of spasticity: implications for neurorehabilitation","volume":"2014","author":"Trompetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00359.2011","article-title":"Modulation of inhibitory strength and kinetics facilitates regulation of persistent inward currents and motoneuron excitability following spinal cord injury","volume":"106","author":"Venugopal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib11","first-page":"864","article-title":"AAPM&R consensus guidance on spasticity assessment and management","volume":"16","author":"Verduzco-Gutierrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm Manag PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00192","article-title":"New insights into the pathophysiology of post-stroke spasticity","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101757","article-title":"Spasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib14","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for spasticity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa162","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis lesions in motor tracts from brain to cervical cord: spatial distribution and correlation with disability","volume":"143","author":"Kerbrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain : a journal of neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329854","article-title":"Spinal cord lesions and brain grey matter atrophy independently predict clinical worsening in definite multiple sclerosis: a 5-year, multicentre study","volume":"94","author":"Rocca","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.09.124","article-title":"Prevalence and effect of problematic spasticity after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"98","author":"Holtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0191","article-title":"Predicting the progression of spasticity in the early phase of spinal cord injury: a prospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Yokota","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062511","article-title":"Primary care framework to monitor preterm infants for neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood","volume":"152","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0878","article-title":"Early intervention for children aged 0 to 2 years with or at high risk of cerebral palsy: international clinical practice guideline based on systematic reviews","volume":"175","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"539","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay0167","article-title":"Early delivery and prolonged treatment with nimodipine prevents the development of spasticity after spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"12","author":"Marcantoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.07.020","article-title":"Gabapentin suppresses spasticity in the spinal cord-injured rat","volume":"149","author":"Kitzman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010950","article-title":"Association of timing of gabapentinoid use with motor recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"95","author":"Warner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85961-5","article-title":"Early escitalopram administration as a preemptive treatment strategy against spasticity after contusive spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"11","author":"Ryu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2740","article-title":"Effects of acute intrathecal baclofen in an animal model of TBI-Induced spasticity, cognitive, and balance disabilities","volume":"30","author":"Bose","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6526","article-title":"Rehabilitation decreases spasticity by restoring chloride homeostasis through the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-KCC2 pathway after spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Beverungen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00258","article-title":"Altered patterns of reflex excitability, balance, and locomotion following spinal cord injury and locomotor training","volume":"3","author":"Bose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib28","first-page":"36","article-title":"Recovery of neuronal and network excitability after spinal cord injury and implications for spasticity","volume":"8","author":"D'Amico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520963855","article-title":"Can the early use of botulinum toxin in post stroke spasticity reduce contracture development? A randomised controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Lindsay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13060374","article-title":"Early botulinum toxin type a injection for post-stroke spasticity: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Picelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2363963","article-title":"The effectiveness of early interventions for post-stroke spasticity: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Tilborg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107150","article-title":"Early versus late injections of botulinumtoxin type A in post-stroke spastic movement disorder: a literature review","volume":"229","author":"Wissel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.10.005","article-title":"Botulinum toxin as early intervention for spasticity after stroke or non-progressive brain lesion: a meta-analysis","volume":"371","author":"Rosales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","article-title":"Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart Association\/American stroke association","volume":"47","author":"Winstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.2021072","article-title":"Assessment, goal setting, and botulinum neurotoxin a therapy in the management of post-stroke spastic movement disorder: updated perspectives on best practice","volume":"22","author":"Wissel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2266","article-title":"Influence of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on spasticity, balance, and walking speed in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.10.016","article-title":"Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on spasticity in adults with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Mahmood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009633","article-title":"Effects of electrical stimulation in spastic muscles after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"46","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020964","article-title":"Post-stroke treatment with neuromuscular functional electrostimulation of antagonistic muscles and kinesiotherapy evaluated with electromyography and clinical studies in a two-month follow-up","volume":"19","author":"Huber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib40","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper-limb and finger function in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.918597","article-title":"Excitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the ipsilesional hemisphere for upper limb motor function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib42","article-title":"Clinical efficacy observation of repetitive magnetic stimulation for treating upper limb spasticity after stroke","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.049546","article-title":"Network meta-analysis of 4 rehabilitation methods with rTMS on upper limb function and daily activities in patients with stroke","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10058-4","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an alternative therapy for stroke with spasticity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"268","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089672","article-title":"Rehabilitation using virtual gaming for hospital and hOMe-Based training for the upper limb in acute and subacute stroke (RHOMBUS II): results of a feasibility randomised controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Butcher","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00126","article-title":"Management of spasticity after traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"11","author":"Enslin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib47","article-title":"Interventions for managing skeletal muscle spasticity following traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Synnot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001114","article-title":"Spasticity following brain and spinal cord injury: assessment and treatment","volume":"35","author":"Tamburin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14110","article-title":"Italian consensus on treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Comi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.03.003","article-title":"Special considerations and assessment in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Maitin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517745348","article-title":"A mixed treatment comparison on efficacy and safety of treatments for spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05182-6","article-title":"Nabiximols and botulinum toxin injections for patients with multiple sclerosis: efficacy on spasticity and spasms in a single-centre experience","volume":"42","author":"Sartori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516643600","article-title":"Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: systematic review and consensus paper","volume":"22","author":"Otero-Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211070657","article-title":"Evidence of treating spasticity before it develops: a systematic review of spasticity outcomes in acute spinal cord injury interventional trials","volume":"15","author":"Stampas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.06.001","article-title":"Efficacy of addition of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to standardized physical therapy in subacute spinal spasticity: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Oo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965126000069?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965126000069?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:15:31Z","timestamp":1777580131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965126000069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965126000069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Can Spasticity Be Prevented? Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}