{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:06:03Z","timestamp":1777874763031,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T21:02:03Z","timestamp":1771966923000},"page":"201-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic Spasticity Care"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Baricich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.616097","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for spasticity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib2","first-page":"S13","article-title":"Toward an epidemiology of poststroke spasticity","volume":"80","author":"Wissel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00152","article-title":"The broad concept of \"spasticity-plus syndrome\" in multiple sclerosis: a possible new concept in the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/0888439002250449","article-title":"Spasticity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-023-06045-5","article-title":"Spasticity and movement disorders in cerebral palsy","volume":"39","author":"Albright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib6","article-title":"Cerebral palsy","volume":"2","author":"Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00126.2022","article-title":"Prevalence of spasticity in humans with spinal cord injury with different injury severity","volume":"128","author":"Sangari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-131000","article-title":"Impact of specific symptoms of spasticity on voluntary lower limb muscle function, gait and daily activities during subacute and chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Bravo-Esteban","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5463-1","article-title":"Early development of spasticity following stroke: a prospective, observational trial","volume":"257","author":"Wissel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70193-X","article-title":"Spastic movement disorder: impaired reflex function and altered muscle mechanics","volume":"6","author":"Dietz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.22.07514-1","article-title":"Aging after stroke: how to define post-stroke sarcopenia and what are its risk factors?","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr010","article-title":"Dynapenia and aging: an update","volume":"67","author":"Manini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.096","article-title":"Bilateral changes in muscle architecture of physically active people with chronic stroke: a quantitative muscle ultrasound study","volume":"128","author":"Berenpas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310372091","article-title":"Changes in gait symmetry and velocity after stroke: a cross-sectional study from weeks to years after stroke","volume":"24","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib15","first-page":"581","article-title":"Post-stroke spasticity: follow-up and functional implications of chronic long-term treatment with botulinum toxin","volume":"60","author":"Baricich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.02.0040","article-title":"Skeletal muscle changes after hemiparetic stroke and potential beneficial effects of exercise intervention strategies","volume":"45","author":"Hafer-Macko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.817229","article-title":"Do muscle changes contribute to the neurological disorder in spastic paresis?","volume":"13","author":"Pradines","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib18","series-title":"Spasticity and muscle stiffness","first-page":"81","article-title":"Mechanisms of development of passive mechanical muscle stiffness","author":"Raghavan","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.05.012","article-title":"Measuring mechanical properties of spastic muscles after stroke. Does muscle position during assessment really matter?","volume":"103","author":"Garc\u00eda-Bernal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00120","article-title":"Spasticity, motor recovery, and neural plasticity after stroke","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.2021072","article-title":"Assessment, goal setting, and botulinum neurotoxin a therapy in the management of post-stroke spastic movement disorder: updated perspectives on best practice","volume":"22","author":"Wissel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000091222","article-title":"Spasticity and its association with functioning and health-related quality of life 18 months after stroke","volume":"21","author":"Welmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib23","article-title":"Clinical understanding of spasticity: implications for practice","volume":"2014","author":"Bhimani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rehabil Res Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.03.014","article-title":"Anxiety and depression associated with caregiver burden in caregivers of stroke survivors with spasticity","volume":"94","author":"Denno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0474","article-title":"Goal attainment scaling in the evaluation of treatment of upper limb spasticity with botulinum toxin: a secondary analysis from a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Turner-Stokes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2801","article-title":"Longitudinal goal attainment with integrated upper limb spasticity management including repeat injections of botulinum toxin A: findings from the prospective, observational upper limb international spasticity (ULIS-III) cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Turner-Stokes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15120676","article-title":"Selecting goals and target muscles for botulinum toxin A injection using the goal oriented facilitated approach to spasticity treatment (GO-FAST) tool","volume":"15","author":"Jacinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000311391.00944.c4","article-title":"Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American academy of neurology","volume":"70","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.06.002","article-title":"Muscle structure and stiffness assessment after botulinum toxin type A injection. A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Mathevon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib30","first-page":"167","article-title":"Increased muscle fiber size and pathology with botulinum toxin treatment of upper extremity muscles in cerebral palsy","volume":"18","author":"Frid\u00e9n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Top Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10247","article-title":"Spastic muscle cells are shorter and stiffer than normal cells","volume":"27","author":"Frid\u00e9n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16020069","article-title":"Short-term effects of botulinum Toxin-A injection on the medial gastrocnemius histological features in ambulant children with cerebral palsy: a longitudinal pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Deschrevel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120889","article-title":"Triceps surae muscle characteristics in spastic hemiparetic stroke survivors treated with botulinum toxin type A: clinical implications from ultrasonographic evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Battaglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.11.025","article-title":"Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of adult spasticity in the upper motor neuron syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Esquenazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904125003962","article-title":"Safety of botulinum toxin type A: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Naumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib36","article-title":"Multidisciplinary rehabilitation following botulinum toxin and other focal intramuscular treatment for post-stroke spasticity","volume":"2013","author":"Demetrios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16060267","article-title":"Long-term enhancement of botulinum toxin injections for post-stroke spasticity by use of stretching exercises-a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14765","article-title":"Intermittent serial casting for wrist flexion deformity in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Dursun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(06)70003-4","article-title":"Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Ada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155211040199","article-title":"Effect of muscle strength training in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Merino-Andr\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-201601","article-title":"Eccentric training effects for patients with post-stroke hemiparesis on strength and speed gait: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Lattouf","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03129.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and after-care for upper limb hypertonicity in adults: international consensus statement","volume":"17","author":"Sheean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000359","article-title":"Guided self-rehabilitation contracts combined with abobotulinumtoxina in adults with spastic paresis","volume":"45","author":"Gracies","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88991-5","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuromuscular electrical stimulation post-botulinum toxin injection in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.oa.2020-0408","article-title":"Effect of robot-assisted rehabilitation to botulinum toxin A injection for upper limb disability in patients with chronic stroke: a case series and systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Hyakutake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Med -Chir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1432330","article-title":"Multimodal therapy and use of adjunctive therapies to BoNT-A in spasticity management: defining terminology to help enhance spasticity treatment","volume":"15","author":"Reebye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0303","article-title":"European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity","volume":"41","author":"Wissel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib48","first-page":"507","article-title":"Plyometric exercises: subsequent changes of weight-bearing symmetry, muscle strength and walking performance in children with unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"19","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.18.04921-3","article-title":"Improved parent-reported mobility and achievement of individual goals on activity and participation level after functional power-training in young children with cerebral palsy: a double-baseline controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"van Vulpen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2025.04.002","article-title":"From childhood to adulthood: long-Term assessment of continuous intrathecal baclofen therapy in non-ambulant spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"56","author":"Martens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022255","article-title":"Effect of intrathecal baclofen on pain and quality of life in poststroke spasticity","volume":"49","author":"Creamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.07.020","article-title":"International recommendations to manage poststroke equinovarus foot deformity validated by a panel of experts using Delphi","volume":"104","author":"Salga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318198b593","article-title":"Gait changes after tendon functional surgery for equinovarus foot in patients with stroke: assessment of temporo-spatial, kinetic, and kinematic parameters in 177 patients","volume":"88","author":"Carda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06478-3","article-title":"Discontinuation of botulinum neurotoxin type-A treatment during COVID-19 pandemic: an Italian survey in post stroke and traumatic brain injury patients living with spasticity","volume":"57","author":"Santamato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965126000082?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965126000082?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:16:11Z","timestamp":1777580171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965126000082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965126000082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chronic Spasticity Care","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2026.01.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}