{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:44:55Z","timestamp":1786995895896,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]],"date-time":"2009-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To critically review the best available studies evaluating the efficacy of lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) in the treatment of radicular pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database were searched for the period between 1950 and May 2008. Search terms included epidural steroid injection (ESI), transforaminal ESI, foraminal ESI, selective nerve root block, nerve root injection (NRI), selective NRI, periradicular infiltration, and periradicular injection. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published in English, which evaluated the efficacy of fluoroscopically guided TFESIs were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies were analyzed with a quality checklist modeled after the 2001 CONSORT Statement: Revised Recommendations for Improving the Quality of Reports of Parallel\u2010Group Randomized Trials. Nine studies were found to include a majority of these items.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data included study design, inclusion criteria, symptom duration, randomization protocol, blinding protocol, intervention, control, outcomes, follow\u2010up, dropout, statistical analysis, and conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Each article was assigned a level of evidence: I (high\u2010quality RCT) or II (RCT with &lt;80% follow\u2010up, no blinding or improper randomization). Studies were divided according to control, and overall evidence was graded as A (good), B (fair), C (conflicting\/poor quality), or I (insufficient).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is fair evidence supporting TFESIs as superior to placebo for treating radicular symptoms. There is good evidence that TFESIs should be used as a surgery\u2010sparing intervention, and that TFESIs are superior to interlaminar ESIs (ILESIs) and caudal ESIs for radicular pain. In patients with subacute or chronic radicular symptoms, there is good evidence that a single TFESI has similar efficacy as a single transforaminal injection of bupivacaine or saline. Future studies should address the ideal number of injections. While more placebo\u2010controlled trials are needed to conclusively define the role of TFESIs, current studies support their use in the treatment of lumbosacral radicular pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.04.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T04:17:12Z","timestamp":1246421832000},"page":"657-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Efficacy of Lumbosacral Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart E.","family":"Willick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica E.","family":"Rho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Rittenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2003\/6\/319","article-title":"Epidural steroids in the management of chronic spinal pain and radiculopathy","volume":"6","author":"Boswell M.V.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200704000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256734.34238.e7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/233","article-title":"Systematic review of therapeutic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections","volume":"12","author":"Buenaventura R.M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e31802c9098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.15.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation","volume":"5","author":"Wright J.G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"AAOS Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199804000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200011000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200105010-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000158878.93445.a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Efficacy of nerve root versus interspinous injections of glucocorticoids in the treatment of disk\u2010related sciatica. 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