{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:57:11Z","timestamp":1780509431774,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,24]],"date-time":"2010-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the volumes of contrast material needed to reach specific landmarks during lumbar transforaminal epidural injections (L\u2010TFEIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective, nonrandomized, observational human study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Academic\/private pain management practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010nine patients undergoing L\u2010TFEIs were investigated. Sixty patients were included in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>L\u2010TFEIs were performed with the use of contrast\u2010enhanced fluoroscopic visualization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>After the appropriate spinal needle position was confirmed, up to 5.0 mL of nonionic contrast material was slowly injected. Under biplanar fluoroscopic guidance, contrast volumes were recorded as flow reached specific anatomic landmarks: ipsilateral neural foramen, ipsilateral disks superior and inferior to the injected level, and across the midline of the spinous process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After 1.1 mL of contrast was injected, 100% of L\u2010TFEIs spread to the medial aspect of the superior pedicle (PED) of the corresponding level of injection. After 2.8 mL of contrast was injected, 95% of L\u2010TFEIs spread to the superior aspect of the superior intervertebral disk (IVD) of the corresponding level of injection. After 3.6 mL of contrast was injected, 95% of L\u2010TFEIs spread to the inferior aspect of the inferior IVD of the corresponding level of injection. After 3 mL of contrast was injected, 88% of L\u2010TFEIs spread to cover both the superior and inferior IVDs of the corresponding level of injection. After 4 mL of contrast was injected, 93% of L\u2010TFEIs spread to cover both the superior and inferior IVDs of the corresponding injection. After 4 ml of contrast was injected, 55% of L\u2010TFEIs spread beyond the midline of the spinous process, but barely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates injectate volumes needed to reach specific anatomic landmarks in L\u2010TFEIs. A volume of 4.0 mL of injectate reaches both the superior aspect of the superior IVD and the inferior aspect of the inferior IVD 93% of the time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.04.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,25]],"date-time":"2010-07-25T09:22:34Z","timestamp":1280049754000},"page":"625-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Injectate Volumes Needed to Reach Specific Landmarks in Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Furman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariz R.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby E.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy I.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikin","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198801000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","volume-title":"Practice Guidelines Spinal Diagnostic Treatment and Procedures","author":"Bogduk N.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405150-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198003000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200212000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200105010-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90228-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405150-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2452062007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199907000-00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200103010-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/501","article-title":"Lumbar retrodiscal transforaminal injection","volume":"10","author":"Jasper J.F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/855","article-title":"Contrast flow selectivity during transforaminal lumbosacral epidural steroid injections","volume":"11","author":"Furman M.B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2433060983"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198607000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Contrast flow patterns observed during epidural steroid injections","author":"Laker S.R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spineline"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/77"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","volume-title":"Image\u2010Guided Spine Intervention","author":"Fenton D.S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/461","article-title":"Spread of contrast during L4 and L5 nerve root infiltration under fluoroscopic guidance","volume":"10","author":"Vassiliev D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Interventional Radiology of the Musculoskeletal System","author":"Bogduk N.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","first-page":"322","volume-title":"Spine Care, Volume One: Diagnosis and Conservative Treatment","author":"Bogduk N.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","unstructured":"ISOVUE 320 manufacturer Bracco Diagnostics Princeton NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","unstructured":"1% Lidocaine HCL manufacturer Hospira Inc. 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