{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:41:54Z","timestamp":1786995714453,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the inter\u2010rater, intrarater, and intrasubject reliability of the Hoffmann sign.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational, cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Veterans Affairs medical center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010two consenting subjects without amputation of the first through third fingers, fixed finger contractures, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, or any acute central neurological illness or injury within the past 3 months requiring hospital admission were recruited from inpatients and outpatients in the Spinal Cord Injury and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Hoffmann sign was elicited by 1 primary and 3 secondary investigators who used a standardized technique. The Hoffmann sign was considered positive if any reflexive flexion of the distal phalanx of the thumb or any of the fingers was present. In the first session, the primary and one secondary examiner performed 2 trials on both hands of each subject. Each investigator pair repeated the procedure in a second session.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohen's \u03ba coefficient was calculated to determine (1) inter\u2010rater reliability, calculated per investigator pair per hand, for the first trial of a session; (2) intrarater reliability, calculated between the 2 trials of each session per investigator; and (3) intrasubject reliability, calculated per hand of each subject between the first trials of the 2 sessions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inter\u2010rater \u03ba was 0.65 (188 pairs), intrarater \u03ba was 0.89 (384 pairs), and intrasubject \u03ba was 0.73 (178 pairs). All \u03ba values were obtained with\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Hoffmann sign has substantial inter\u2010rater and intrasubject reliability, in addition to outstanding intrarater reliability, when tested with the use of a standardized technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.02.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,28]],"date-time":"2012-04-28T16:44:31Z","timestamp":1335631471000},"page":"498-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reliability and Repeatability of the Hoffmann Sign"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Thiru M.","family":"Annaswamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance L.","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fides M.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejas","family":"Ozarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","first-page":"684","article-title":"On the history of Hoffmann's Sign","volume":"5","author":"Bendheim O.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Bull Inst Hist Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","volume-title":"DeJong's The Neurologic Examination","author":"Campbell W.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"421","article-title":"The Hoffmann sign: Its incidence in university students","volume":"84","author":"Echols D.","year":"1936","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-193306000-00003","article-title":"Clinical observations on the value of the Hoffmann sign","volume":"77","author":"Fay T.","year":"1933","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-191607000-00005","article-title":"Hoffmann's sign or the \u201cDigital Reflex.\u201d","volume":"44","author":"Keyser T.","year":"1916","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1952.02320190115011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200101010-00013","article-title":"Correlation between a positive Hoffmann's reflex and cervical pathology in asymptomatic individuals","volume":"26","author":"Sung R.D.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Cervical spinal cord compression and the Hoffmann sign","volume":"21","author":"Glaser J.A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2003\/6\/199","article-title":"Provocative tests in cervical spine examination: Historical basis and scientific analyses","volume":"6","author":"Malanga G.A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Van Allen's Pictorial Manual of Neurologic Tests: A Guide to the Performance and Interpretation of the Neurologic Examination","author":"Rodnitzky R.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-192903000-00002","article-title":"The Hoffmann reflex\u2014a simple way of reinforcing it and other reflexes","volume":"69","author":"Pitfield R.","year":"1929","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-194612000-00003","article-title":"The unilateral Hoffmann reflex; clinical note","volume":"104","author":"Schneck J.M.","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199112000-00001","article-title":"Early diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. A useful clinical sign","volume":"16","author":"Denno J.J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980115)17:1<101::AID-SIM727>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"}],"container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.pmrj.2012.02.019","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1934148212000974?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1934148212000974?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.02.019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T06:53:29Z","timestamp":1694674409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.02.019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.02.019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.02.019","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-1482","1934-1563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-1482","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-1563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-02-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-04-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}