{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:23:41Z","timestamp":1783545821287,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]],"date-time":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Spina bifida (SB) is the most common birth defect in United States that results in permanent lifelong disability according to the Spina Bifida Association. Advancements in medical care have led to a longer life span and an increase in the risk of secondary conditions, for example, obesity, with age. The need to maintain a healthy and active lifestyle is even stronger in adults with SB than the general population. Our objective was to fill a gap in the literature by highlighting the current state of the literature on health\u2010related measures of fitness, exercise, and physical activity (PA) in adults with SB. PubMed and Ovid were searched for articles by using the terms \u201cspina bifida or myelomeningocele and exercise,\u201d published between January 1, 1988 and May 10, 2012. Results of studies showed that adults with SB had an inactive lifestyle, lower aerobic capacity, decreased level of daily PA, higher prevalence of obesity, and lower health\u2010related quality of life compared with reference groups. Therapeutic interventions reduced pain, increased biomechanical efficiency during wheelchair propulsion, and improved PA and balance. Overall, the quality of the evidence on PA, exercise, and health\u2010related measures of fitness is low in SB. Given misdistribution of adipose tissue, short stature, scoliosis, and joint contractures, future research should be conducted to determine the most reliable and low\u2010cost methods of measuring body composition and to establish norms. Other reference standards, for example, aerobic capacity, require further development. Studies are needed to investigate lifestyle interventions that facilitate PA and exercise, and to determine the amount of exercise required to reduce secondary conditions as people with SB age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.06.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]],"date-time":"2013-12-10T05:31:32Z","timestamp":1386653492000},"page":"1051-1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health\u2010related Measures of Fitness in Adults With Spina Bifida: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Crytzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad E.","family":"Dicianno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roohi","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","unstructured":"Liptak G. What is Spina Bifida? Available athttp:\/\/www.spinabifidaassociation.org\/site\/c.evKRI7OXIoJ8H\/b.8277225\/k.5A79\/What_is_Spina_Bifida.htm. Accessed July 23 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","unstructured":"Liptak G. Spotlight on Spina Bifida. Available athttp:\/\/www.spinabifidaassociation.org\/site\/c.liKWL7PLLrF\/b.2642343\/k.8D2D\/Fact_Sheets. Accessed July 18 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","unstructured":"Spina Bifida Association of America. How Often Does Spina Bifida Occur. Available at:http:\/\/www.kintera.org\/site\/c.liKWL7PLLrF\/b.2700313\/k.28B2\/How_Often_Does_Spina_Bifida_Occur.htm. 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