{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T18:22:50Z","timestamp":1794075770445,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess relationships between adverse childhood experiences and self\u2010reported disabilities in adult life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional, random\u2010digit\u2010dialed, state\u2010population\u2010based survey (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen states and the District of Columbia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Noninstitutionalized adults ages \u226518 years surveyed in 2009 and\/or in 2010 (n = 81,184).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Module asks about abuse (physical, sexual, emotional), family dysfunction (exposures to domestic violence, living with mentally ill, substance abusing, or incarcerated family member(s), and\/or parental separation and\/or divorce) that occurred before age 18 years. The ACE score sums affirmed ACE categories (range, 0\u20108). We controlled for demographic characteristics (age, race, education, income, and marital status) and self\u2010reported physical health conditions (stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, coronary heart disease, asthma). Five states asked participants about mental health conditions (anxiety, depression). A subset analysis of participants in these states evaluated the effect of adjusting for these conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was disability (self\u2010reported activity limitation and\/or assistive device use).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than half of participants (57%) reported at least 1 adverse childhood experience category, and 23.2% reported disability. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of disability increased in a graded fashion from odds ratio 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.2\u20101.4) among those who experienced 1 adverse experience to odds ratio 5.8 (95% confidence interval, 4.6\u20107.5) among those with 7\u20108 adverse experiences compared with those with no such experiences when adjusting for demographic factors. The relationship between adverse experiences and disability remained strong after adjusting for physical and mental health conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a strong graded relationship between childhood exposure to abuse and household dysfunction and self\u2010reported disability in adulthood, even after adjusting for potentially mediating health conditions. Greater clinician, researcher, and policymaker awareness of the impact of childhood adversity on disability is crucial to help those affected by childhood adversity lead more functional lives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.01.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T08:08:12Z","timestamp":1390982892000},"page":"670-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Adverse Childhood Experiences and Disability in U.S. Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sophia Miryam","family":"Sch\u00fcssler\u2010Fiorenza Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System 3801 Miranda Ave. (Mailcode 128) Palo Alto CA 94304"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics. 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