{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:44:21Z","timestamp":1786995861944,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthopaedic and rehabilitation physicians often instruct patients to elevate a traumatized or postoperative lower extremity. Elevation is thought to improve patient comfort, as well as decrease swelling, wound complications, and the risk of compartment syndrome. Elevating a limb with increased compartment pressures, however, has been shown to reduce perfusion pressure and contribute to tissue ischemia. This investigation aims to advance our understanding of the tissue effects of limb elevation using a healthy patient model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the effects of elevation, experimentally induced ischemia, and immobilization on muscle oxygen saturation in the human leg using near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthopaedic Surgery research laboratory, Stanford Hospitals &amp; Clinics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients for Participation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010six healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using transcutaneous sensors, we measured muscle oxygen saturation of the anterior compartment of the left (control) leg at 0, 15, and 30 cm of elevation relative to the heart using NIRS. A standardized short leg splint and a thigh tourniquet inflated to 50 mmHg were then applied to the right (experimental) leg to simulate a traumatized state. NIRS measurements were then repeated, again at 0, 15, and 30 cm of elevation. Muscle oxygen saturation values at various degrees of elevation of the control and experimental limb were then compared and analyzed by the use of a crossover study design and mixed\u2010effects regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle oxygen saturation at varying levels of elevation in both the (1) control leg and (2) experimental leg in a simulated traumatic state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male (18) males and female (8) patients between 22 and 62 years of age (mean 29.8 years) were enrolled. Mean regional muscle oxygen saturation (rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of the control limbs at 0, 15 and, 30 cm of elevation were 74.2%, 72.5%, and 70.6%, respectively, whereas mean rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      of the experimental limbs were 66.3%, 65.0%, and 63.3%. A statistically significant decrease of rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      was observed (mean 7.65%) in the experimental limbs compared with the control limbs. As elevation increased, there was a statistically significant decrease in rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 0.12% per centimeter of elevation. Elevation did not decrease the rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      in the experimental limb to a greater degree than in the control limb.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing levels of elevation in a human limb results in progressively compromised muscle oxygen saturation as measured by NIR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.07.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,8]],"date-time":"2015-08-08T08:03:49Z","timestamp":1439021029000},"page":"221-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Effects of Limb Elevation on Muscle Oxygen Saturation: A Near\u2010Infrared Spectroscopy Study in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ariel A.","family":"Palanca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius A.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","volume-title":"Skeletal Trauma","author":"Browner B.D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198007000-00031","article-title":"The effects of limb elevation and dependency on local arteriovenous gradients in normal human limbs with particular reference to limbs with increased tissue pressure","volume":"150","author":"Matsen F.A.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199806000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/8\/859"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.1997.0088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3113\/JSOA.2013.0002","article-title":"Identification of optimal control compartments for serial near\u2010infrared spectroscopy assessment of lower extremity compartmental perfusion","volume":"22","author":"Jackson K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Surg Orthop Adv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.173.1.60","article-title":"Chronic lower limb ischemia","volume":"173","author":"Beard Jonathan D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","unstructured":"Henton JM Simmons JM Hettiaratchy S Jain A. 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