{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:39:26Z","timestamp":1789673966004,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]],"date-time":"2016-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Revisiting the ailments of famous historical persons in light of contemporary medical understanding has become a common academic hobby. Public discussion of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR) diagnosis of poliomyelitis after his sudden onset of paralysis in 1921 has received just such a revisitation. Recently, this 2003 historical analysis has been referenced widely on the Internet and in biographies, raising speculation that his actual diagnosis should have been Guillain\u2010Barr\u00e9 Syndrome, a noncontagious disease of the peripheral nervous system rather than poliomyelitis. The authors of that 2003 analysis used a statistical analysis of his case by selectively choosing some of his reported symptoms. FDR's diagnosis of poliomyelitis, however, was fully supported by the findings of leading expert physicians of that time, who were very knowledgeable in the then\u2010common disease and who periodically examined him during the period of 1921\u20101924. The most significant diagnostic features of polio are the absence of objective sensory findings in the presence of flaccid motor paralysis. These features are consistent with diagnostic criteria extant during the periods of major poliomyelitis epidemics as well as those of the Center for Disease Control 90 years later. Additional findings of fever, prodromal hyperesthesia, more severe residual proximal muscle weakness, and extensive lower extremity impairment requiring mobility with long leg braces or a wheelchair give further evidence for the diagnosis in FDR's case. Nonbulbar Guillain\u2010Barr\u00e9 Syndrome, which shares the features of a flaccid paralysis and thus mimicking the initial presentation of poliomyelitis, has more than an 80% complete recovery with no reported cases of eventual wheelchair use. The most severe cases of Guillain\u2010Barr\u00e9 Syndrome often have persistent objective sensory loss, associated with greater weakness in the feet and hands, which show no resemblance to FDR's impairment and disability. In light of the expert initial assessments by physicians completely familiar with the signs and symptoms of the then\u2010common disease, review of his initial and subsequent disease course, and residual symptoms in comparison with those of Guillain\u2010Barr\u00e9 syndrome, we find no reason to question the diagnostic accuracy of poliomyelitis and wish to put this debate to rest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.05.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]],"date-time":"2016-05-11T00:32:29Z","timestamp":1462926749000},"page":"883-893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Diagnosis of Poliomyelitis Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John F.","family":"Ditunno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce E.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald J.","family":"Herbison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4997\/JRCPE.2013.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Abraham Lincoln\u2014a medical appraisal","volume":"60","author":"Gordon A.M.","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Ky Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","first-page":"1805","article-title":"Lincoln did not have the Marfan Syndrome; documented evidence","volume":"81","author":"Lattimer J.K.","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Y State J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1964.03060200005001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096777200301100412"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","unstructured":"Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness. Available athttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\u2010 Polio. Accessed April 10 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","unstructured":"K.Veronese.Franklin Delano Roosevelt probably didn't have polio after all.2012 Available athttp:\/\/io9.com\/5958933\/franklin\u2010delano\u2010roosevelt\u2010probably\u2010didnt\u2010have\u2010polio\u2010after\u2010all Accessed April 10 2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","volume-title":"The Man He Became: How FDR Defied Polio to Win the Presidency","author":"Tobin J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","volume-title":"Polio: An American Story","author":"Oshinsky D.M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2001.0115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","volume-title":"FDR's Splendid Deception","author":"Gallagher H.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","volume-title":"War, Politics, and Philanthropy: The History of Rehabilitation Medicine","author":"Verville R.E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","volume-title":"The Social Transformation of American Medicine","author":"Starr P.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200208000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","first-page":"472","article-title":"Nore sur la paralysie ascendante aigue","volume":"6","author":"Landry O.","year":"1859","journal-title":"Gaz Hebd Med Chirurg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","first-page":"387","article-title":"Ueber Poliomyelitis und Neuritis","volume":"1","author":"Leyden E.","year":"1880","journal-title":"Ztschr Klin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02164916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"Retrospective diagnosis: Use and abuse in medical historiography","volume":"110","author":"Karenberg A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prague Med Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","volume-title":"Letter Lovett, R. W. to Draper, G. Sept 12, 1921","author":"Lovett R.W.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","volume-title":"A History of Poliomyelitis","author":"Paul J.R.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1922.02640740025007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","volume-title":"Lovett's handwritten notes, August 25th, 1921","author":"Lovett R.W.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","first-page":"523","volume-title":"F.D.R. His Personal Letters: 1905\u20101928","author":"Roosevelt E.","year":"1948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","volume-title":"Letter R.W. Lovett to G. Draper, September 24, 1921","author":"Lovett R.W.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","volume-title":"Letter E.H. Bennett to R. W. Lovett, September 1, 1921","author":"Bennett E.H.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","volume-title":"Letter E.H. Bennett to R.W. Lovett, September 8, 1921","author":"Bennett E.H.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","volume-title":"Roosevelt in Retrospect","author":"Gunther J.","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","volume-title":"Letter G. Draper to R.W. Lovett, September 24, 1921","author":"Draper G.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","volume-title":"Letter, G. Draper to R.W. Lovett, Oct. 11, 1092","author":"Draper G.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","volume-title":"Letter R.W. Lovett to E. H Bennett, Oct. 17, 1921","author":"Lovett R.W.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","volume-title":"Letter K. Lake to R.W. Lovett, December 17, 1921","author":"Lake K.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","volume-title":"Letter A. Krida to R.W. Lovett, February 2, 1922","author":"Krida A.","year":"1922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","volume-title":"Letter K. Lake to R. W. Lovett, Jan. 12, 1922","author":"Lake K.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","volume-title":"Papers: Manual Muscle Test on Franklin D. Roosevelt, June 1, 1922","author":"Lovett R.W.","year":"1922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","volume-title":"Letter G. Draper to R. W. Lovett, February, 1, 1924","author":"Draper G.","year":"1924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00429.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1062261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Poliomyelitis paralytic case definition.2012 Available athttps:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nndss\/conditions\/poliomyelitis\u2010paralytic\/case\u2010definition\/2010\/ Accessed January 18 2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","volume-title":"Brain's diseases of the nervous system","author":"Donaghy M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","volume-title":"Acute Poliomyelitis","author":"Draper G.","year":"1916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(49)90132-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1955.tb42554.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199204233261706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","volume-title":"Chapter 46 Guillain\u2010Barre Syndrome. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology","author":"Ropper A.H.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.37B1.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195202212460805"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e07d14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","unstructured":"F.D.Roosevelt.Letter Franklin D. Roosevelt to Dr. Egleston October 11 1924.1924 Available athttp:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/americans\u2010with\u2010disabilities\/transcriptions\/naid\u20106037479\u2010letter\u2010from\u2010fdr\u2010to\u2010dr\u2010egleston.html Accessed February 4 2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A Clinical Study of Acute Poliomyelitis. Monographs of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, No. 4","author":"Peabody F.W.","year":"1912"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","first-page":"427","article-title":"The Landry\u2010Guillain\u2010Barr'e\u2010Strohl syndrome or polyradiculoneuropathy: Historical review, report on 97 patients, and present concepts","volume":"39","author":"Wiederholt W.C.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Introduction to Neuropathology","author":"Adams","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1916.02590060021006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"The results of poliomyelitis in Baltimore","volume":"25","author":"Lenhard R.","year":"1943","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.3.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","volume-title":"Letter G. Draper to R.W. Lovett, October 17, 1921","author":"Draper G.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Adam's & Victor's Principles of Neurology","author":"Adams V.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f88345"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4538.1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195707112570201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_2","first-page":"1355","volume-title":"Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System","author":"Solomon T.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_2","volume-title":"Letter K. Lake to R.W. Lovett","author":"Lake K.","year":"1922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_2","volume-title":"The treatment of infantile paralysis","author":"Lovett R.W.","year":"1916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_2","unstructured":"Halstad L Weichers D. Introduction. Paper presented at: Late Effects of Poliomyelitis; 1985; Miami FL."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"An analysis of residual disabilities (paralysis and crippling) among 100,000 poliomyelitis patients: With special reference to the rehabilitation of postpoliomyelitis patients","volume":"39","author":"Landauer K.S.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.37B4.540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_2","first-page":"923","article-title":"Poliomyelitis on St. Helena, 1945\u20106","volume":"40","author":"Nissen K.I.","year":"1947","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_2","volume-title":"Letter R.W. Lovett to E.H. Bennett, September 3, 1921","author":"Lovett R.W.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Letter, R.W. Lovett to George Draper, Sept. 26, 1921","author":"Lovett R.W.","year":"1921"}],"container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1934148216301113?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1934148216301113?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.pmrj.2016.05.003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.05.003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.05.003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.05.003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:19:59Z","timestamp":1694045999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.05.003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.05.003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.05.003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-1482","1934-1563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-1482","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-1563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-05-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}