{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T20:49:28Z","timestamp":1783630168716,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevalence of low vitamin D (LVitD) in spinal cord injury (SCI) has motivated vitamin D testing and supplementation. This is an exploratory study of data collected at a time before the routine clinical practice of vitamin D supplementation, allowing for evaluation of the natural history of vitamin D levels in patients with SCI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine if vitamin D supplementation in persons with SCI and LVitD levels is associated with decreased prevalence of VTE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rehabilitation Center at a Level I Trauma Center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with SCI admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation (N\u2009=\u2009282).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>VTE prevalence in patients with LVitD levels, grouped by presence or absence of vitamin D supplementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the acute inpatient SCI population, 80% (227\/282) of patients demonstrated vitamin D levels &lt;30\u2009ng\/mL (LVitD). Although the incidence of VTE was almost double in the LVitD group, 19% (43\/227) of the patients in the LVitD group had VTE versus 9% (5\/55) of patients with vitamin D levels \u226530\u2009ng\/mL (normal VitD [NVitD]); this difference was not statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.108, Cramer's V\u2009=\u2009.104). When the role of vitamin D supplementation was analyzed, individuals in the LVitD group who received no vitamin D supplementation (LVitDSuppNegative) had a higher incidence of VTE (statistically significant) compared to the LVitD group with vitamin D supplementation (LVitDSuppPositive) (24% [42\/178] vs. 2% [1\/49]) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, Cramer's V\u2009=\u2009.226). In post hoc exploratory analyses, the VTE rate of patients in the LVitDSuppNegative group was noted to be significantly higher than that in all other patient groups combined (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, Cramer's V\u2009=\u2009.229). A binary logistic regression model incorporating clinical covariates also showed this grouping to be significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant association appears to exist between lack of vitamin D supplementation and VTE occurrence in persons with acute SCI and LVitD levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>III<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.09.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T15:57:27Z","timestamp":1538841447000},"page":"125-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Venous Thromboembolism is Associated With Lack of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury and Low Vitamin D Levels"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Ehsanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center  San Jose CA"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center  San Jose CA"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University  Palo Alto CA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Stanford University  Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly A.","family":"Timmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Division Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University  Palo Alto CA"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department at Veterans Health Administration  Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry M.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center  San Jose CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"McKenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center  San Jose CA"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center  San Jose CA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Stanford University  Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Dirlikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center  San Jose CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Crew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center  San Jose CA"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center  San Jose CA"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University  Palo Alto CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Blood flow in muscles of paraplegic patients under various conditions measured by a double isotope technique","volume":"10","author":"Seifert J","year":"1972","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1980.tb03819.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Fibrinolysis and spinal injury. 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