{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:43:11Z","timestamp":1789684991106,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,24]],"date-time":"2003-11-24T15:38:08Z","timestamp":1069688288000},"page":"129-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Aggressive responding in abstinent heroin addicts: neuroendocrine and personality correlates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Gerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Zaimovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Moi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Bussandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bubici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Mossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Augusta","family":"Raggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00061-6","article-title":"Subjects with a history of drug dependence are more aggressive than subjects with no drug use history","volume":"46","author":"Allen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00019.x","article-title":"Hormone levels and personality traits in abusive and suicidal male alcoholics","volume":"18","author":"Bergman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(93)90028-8","article-title":"Morphine and human aggression","volume":"18","author":"Berman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB4","first-page":"237","article-title":"Multidisciplinary examinations of the \u201ccauses\u201d of crime: the case of the link between alcohol and violence","volume":"21","author":"Brain","year":"1986","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046900","article-title":"An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility","volume":"21","author":"Buss","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Consult. Psychol."},{"issue":"5582","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290","article-title":"Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children","volume":"297","author":"Caspi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB7","series-title":"Recurrent Mood Disorders","first-page":"51","article-title":"Aggressive behaviour and hostility in depression: clinical aspects","author":"Castrogiovanni","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00435849","article-title":"Effects of smoking different doses of nicotine on human aggressive behavior","volume":"75","author":"Cherek","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB8","series-title":"Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP)","author":"Cherek","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9556874.x","article-title":"Cognitive impairment among methadone maintenance patients","volume":"95","author":"Darke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB11","first-page":"395","article-title":"Drug use and violent crime among adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Dawkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00138.x","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent antecedents of substance use in adulthood","volume":"97","author":"Ensminger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1050149","article-title":"Impaired circadian rhythmicity of beta-lipotrophin, beta-endorphin and ACTH in heroin addicts","volume":"105","author":"Facchinetti","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB14","series-title":"Intervista Clinica Strutturata per il DSM-III-R","author":"Fava","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(96)02965-4","article-title":"Neurotransmitter\u2013neuroendocrine responses to experimentally induced aggression in humans: influence of personality variable","volume":"66","author":"Gerra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)01157-0","article-title":"Neurotransmitter\u2013hormonal responses to psychological stress in peripubertal subjects: relationship to aggressive behavior","volume":"62","author":"Gerra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)01157-0","article-title":"Neurotransmitter\u2013hormonal responses to psychological stress in peripubertal subjects: relationship to aggressive behavior","volume":"62","author":"Gerra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1999.60.776","article-title":"Experimentally induced aggressiveness in adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs): preliminary behavioral and neuroendocrine findings","volume":"60","author":"Gerra","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00152-1","article-title":"Aggressive responding of male heroin addicts under methadone treatment: psychometric and neuroendocrine correlates","volume":"65","author":"Gerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(01)00094-3","article-title":"Experimentally induced aggressive behavior in subjects with 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (\u201cEcstasy\u201d) use history: psychobiological correlates","volume":"13","author":"Gerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(00)00046-9","article-title":"Neuroendocrine responses to experimentally-induced psychological stress in healthy humans","volume":"26","author":"Gerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB22","series-title":"Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory\u20142. Manual","author":"Hathaway","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(77)90360-6","article-title":"Comparison of plasma hormonal levels between heroin-addicted and normal subjects","volume":"75","author":"Ho","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(80)90003-4","article-title":"Mental health in first grade and teenage drug, alcohol and cigarette use","volume":"5","author":"Kellam","year":"1980","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB27","first-page":"329","article-title":"How specific are the early predictors of teenage drug use?","volume":"43","author":"Kellam","year":"1982","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monogr. Ser."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB24","first-page":"20","article-title":"Relationship of first-grade social adaptation to teenage drinking, drug-use, and smoking","volume":"2","author":"Kellam","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dig. Alcohol. Theory Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB26","first-page":"368","article-title":"Attention problems in first grade and shy and aggressive behaviors as antecedents to late heavy or inhibited substance use","volume":"95","author":"Kellam","year":"1989","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monogr. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.15288\/jsas.1993.s11.40","article-title":"The effects of alcohol on free-operant aggressive behavior","volume":"11","author":"Kelly","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"The Trier Social Stress Test\u2014a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198606000-00003","article-title":"Alcoholism and antisocial personality. The sociobiology of an addiction","volume":"174","author":"Kofoed","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cocaine addiction as a neurological disorder: implications for treatment","volume":"163","author":"Majewska","year":"1996","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008341","article-title":"Aggressiveness, onset of dependence, and treatment outcome in socially well-adapted alcoholics","volume":"33","author":"Mann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod48.4.883","article-title":"Catecholamines stimulate testicular steroidogenesis in vitro in the Siberian hamster, Phodopus sungorus","volume":"48","author":"Mayerhofer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199311000-00005","article-title":"Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to extended laboratory challenge","volume":"55","author":"McCann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(91)90051-B","article-title":"Predicting relapse and recovery in alcoholism and addiction: neuropsychology, personality, and cognitive style","volume":"8","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(96)01335-X","article-title":"Antisocial personality disorder and aggression in recently abstinent cocaine dependent subjects","volume":"44","author":"Moeller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674","article-title":"Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy","volume":"100","author":"Moffitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089009058873","article-title":"Alcohol and crimes of violence: present issues","volume":"25","author":"Murdoch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000119318","article-title":"Serotonin and dopamine as mediators of sensation seeking behavior","volume":"34","author":"Netter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1998.5664","article-title":"Sequence analysis of exon 8 of MAO-A gene in alcoholics with antisocial personality and normal controls","volume":"55","author":"Parsian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB41","series-title":"Structured Interview for Personality Disorders, Revised Version","author":"Pfohl","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(99)00213-3","article-title":"Determination of catecholamines in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection","volume":"730","author":"Raggi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199909000-00014","article-title":"Factors associated with the development of substance use disorder in depressed adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Rao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB44","series-title":"The Halstead\u2013Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation","author":"Reitan","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB45","first-page":"7","article-title":"Deviance and work: the influence of alcohol and drugs on job behaviors","volume":"1","author":"Roman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(99)00020-7","article-title":"Association of a regulatory polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase A gene with antisocial alcoholism","volume":"86","author":"Samochowiec","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199410000-00013","article-title":"Salivary testosterone and cortisol in disruptive children: relationship to aggressive, hyperactive, and internalizing behaviors","volume":"33","author":"Scerbo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02215.x","article-title":"The effects of an acute psychological stressor on cardiovascular, endocrine, and cellular immune response: a prospective study of individuals high and low in heart rate reactivity","volume":"31","author":"Sgoutas-Emch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb01961.x","article-title":"Serotonin, impulsivity, and alcohol use disorders in the older adolescent: a psychobiological study","volume":"24","author":"Soloff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000019004","article-title":"Cognitive\u2013motor performance of methadone-maintained patients","volume":"6","author":"Specka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Addict Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199007000-00005","article-title":"The effects of codeine on human aggressive responding","volume":"5","author":"Spiga","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB52","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview according to DSM-III-R","author":"Spitzer","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB53","first-page":"25","article-title":"Family pedigree studies of biological vulnerability to drug dependence","volume":"89","author":"Stabeneau","year":"1988","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monograph Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01175-6","article-title":"The association between childhood irritability and liability to substance use in early adolescence: a 2-year follow-up study of boys at risk for substance abuse","volume":"39","author":"Tarter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000509","article-title":"Association between the functional variant of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and type 1 alcoholism","volume":"4","author":"Tiihonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220127912","article-title":"The Harvard Twin Study of Substance Abuse: what we have learned","volume":"9","author":"Tsuang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830060067009","article-title":"A prospective follow-up study of alcoholic violent offenders and fire setters","volume":"53","author":"Virkkunen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB58","series-title":"Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","author":"Wechsler","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB59","series-title":"WAIS-R Manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"1985"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)01069-W","article-title":"Treated delinquent boys' substance use: onset, pattern, relationship to conduct and mood disorders","volume":"37","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029_BIB61","series-title":"Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking","first-page":"285","article-title":"Biological bases","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278584603002422?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278584603002422?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T10:02:24Z","timestamp":1585303344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278584603002422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278584603002422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-5846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-5846","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}