{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T07:19:25Z","timestamp":1781421565884,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,24]],"date-time":"2006-03-24T12:42:37Z","timestamp":1143204157000},"page":"827-853","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Human brain evolution and the \u201cNeuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:\u201d Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"H. Stefan","family":"Bracha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1280.015","article-title":"The amygdala, social behavior and danger detection","volume":"1000","author":"Amaral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib3","series-title":"American Psychiatric Association: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib4","series-title":"American Psychiatric Association: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib5","series-title":"American Psychiatric Association: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.3.270","article-title":"Attenuation of the neuropsychiatric effects of ketamine with lamotrigine: support for hyperglutamatergic effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists","volume":"57","author":"Anand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.8.1321","article-title":"Acute and delayed posttraumatic stress disorders: a history and some issues","volume":"161","author":"Andreasen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.8.937","article-title":"Genetic influences on health. Does race matter?","volume":"294","author":"Bamshad","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.4.300","article-title":"Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness (from possessed nuns to chemical and biological terrorism fears)","volume":"180","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2003.12.002","article-title":"Syncope","volume":"29","author":"Benditt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Prob Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798007144","article-title":"The epidemiology of blood-injection-injury phobia","volume":"28","author":"Bienvenu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017955","article-title":"Epidemic hysteria: a review of the published literature","volume":"19","author":"Boss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib13","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Bowlby","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib14","first-page":"12","article-title":"On concordance for tuberculosis and schizophrenia","volume":"142","author":"Bracha","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900001954","article-title":"Freeze, flight, fight, fright, faint: adaptationist perspectives on the acute stress response spectrum","volume":"9","author":"Bracha","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2005.0061","article-title":"Rapidly assessing trauma exposure and stress resilience following large-scale disasters","volume":"3","author":"Bracha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Emergency Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib145","unstructured":"Bracha HS, Burkle. Bioevent Fear & Resilience Checklist. The Asia-Pacific Center for Biosecurity, Disaster & Conflict Research, Asia-Pacific Institute for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii. (Unpublished)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib146","first-page":"944","article-title":"Dietary free glutamate: implications for research on fear-overconsolidation and PTSD. (Letter to the Editor)","volume":"11","author":"Bracha","year":"2006","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bracha HS, Hayashi K. Resilience in the aftermath of terrorism and during warzone exposure: is it religiousness or is it number of blood relatives? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (in press) (March 2006).","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0721a"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib16","series-title":"Formal descriptions of developing systems (NATO Science Series)","first-page":"279","article-title":"Clinical research histomarkers for objectively estimating premorbid vagal tone chronology in Gulf War veterans' illnesses and in acute stress reaction","author":"Bracha","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.45.5.448","article-title":"Does \u201cfight or flight\u201d need updating?","volume":"45","author":"Bracha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.26575\/daj.v17i3.151","article-title":"Experimental combat-stress model in rats: histological examination of effects on amelogenesis\u2014a possible measure of diminished vagal tone episodes","volume":"17","author":"Bracha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dent Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2832-3-8","article-title":"The STRS (shortness of breath, tremulousness, racing heart, and sweating): a brief checklist for acute distress with panic-like autonomic indicators; development and factor structure","volume":"3","author":"Bracha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib148","first-page":"50","article-title":"Reevaluating the management of chronic temporomandibular pain: are we treating PTSD with debridement and lavage?","volume":"4","author":"Bracha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Federal Practitioner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-005-0245-z","article-title":"The human fear-circuitry and fear-induced fainting in healthy individuals: the Paleolithic-threat hypothesis","volume":"15","author":"Bracha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib21","first-page":"43","article-title":"Preventing post-disaster PTSD: watch for autonomic signs","volume":"4","author":"Bracha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.05.013","article-title":"Evolution of the human fear-circuitry and acute sociogenic pseudoneurological symptoms: the Neolithic balanced-polymorphism hypothesis","volume":"88","author":"Bracha","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17.4.503","article-title":"Postmortem locus coeruleus neuron count in three American veterans with probable or possible war-related PTSD","volume":"17","author":"Bracha","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285290002263X","article-title":"The clenching\u2013grinding spectrum and fear circuitry disorders: clinical insights from the neuroscience\/paleoanthropology interface","volume":"10","author":"Bracha","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Spectr Int J Neuropsychiatr Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib149","first-page":"16","article-title":"Combat and warfare in the early paleolithic and medically-unexplained musculo-facial pain in 21st century war veterans and active-duty military personnel","volume":"36","author":"Bracha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hawaii Dental Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib150","unstructured":"Bracha HS, Bienvenu OJ, Person DA. Emotional (fear-triggered) syncope is not the opossum\u2019s \u201cdecomposing carcass act.\u201d Clinical Autonomic Research 2006 (in press)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib25","unstructured":"Bracha HS, Bienvenu OJ, Eaton WW. Testing the Paleolithic-human-warfare hypothesis of blood-injection phobia in the Baltimore ECA Follow-up Study\u2014towards a more etiologically-based conceptualization for DSM-V; submitted for publication."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib26","series-title":"Food in antiquity: a survey of the diet of early peoples","first-page":"36","author":"Brothwell","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib27","series-title":"Evolutionary psychology: the new science of the mind","author":"Buss","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.53.5.533","article-title":"Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels","volume":"53","author":"Buss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib29","series-title":"The history and geography of human genes","first-page":"3","author":"Cavalli-Sforza","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib30","first-page":"274","article-title":"Glutamate and post-traumatic stress disorder: toward a psychobiology of dissociation","volume":"4","author":"Chambers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib31","series-title":"A research agenda for DSM-V","first-page":"31","article-title":"Neuroscience research agenda to guide development of a pathophysiologically based classification system","author":"Charney","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04000","article-title":"A genome-wide comparison of recent chimpanzee and human segmental duplications","volume":"437","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04072","article-title":"Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome","volume":"437","author":"Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib34","first-page":"621","article-title":"Tuberculosis in twins: a re-analysis of the Prophit survey","volume":"117","author":"Comstock","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.98.4.448","article-title":"Observational conditioning of fear to fear-relevant versus fear-irrelevant stimuli in rhesus monkeys","volume":"98","author":"Cook","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.16.4.372","article-title":"Selective associations in the observational conditioning of fear in rhesus monkeys","volume":"16","author":"Cook","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol, Anim Behav Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib37","series-title":"The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture","author":"Cosmides","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.3.453","article-title":"Toward an evolutionary taxonomy of treatable conditions","volume":"108","author":"Cosmides","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3175672","article-title":"Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide","volume":"242","author":"Daly","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib40","unstructured":"Dawkins R. The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston; 2004. pp. 16, 101, 138, 225."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib41","series-title":"Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed","first-page":"130","author":"Diamond","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113722","article-title":"Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans","volume":"309","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib43","series-title":"Violence and war in prehistory. Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past","first-page":"321","author":"Ferguson","year":"1997"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199410000-00018","article-title":"Firearm collection and use among combat veterans admitted to a posttraumatic stress disorder rehabilitation unit","volume":"182","author":"Freeman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Disord"},{"issue":"(3)-2","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib45","first-page":"40","article-title":"A survey of gun collection and use among three groups of veteran patients admitted to veterans affairs hospital treatment programs","volume":"96","author":"Freeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.67.4.384.56564","article-title":"Toward a national PTSD brain bank","volume":"67","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0460-64","article-title":"The visual cliff","volume":"202","author":"Gibson","year":"1960","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib48","series-title":"The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior","author":"Goodall","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib49","series-title":"Fear and anxiety: the benefits of translational research","author":"Gorman","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1979.0086","article-title":"The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paaradigm: a critique of the adaptationist paradigm","volume":"B205","author":"Gould","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc of the Ro Soc London"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.1998.6230215.x","article-title":"Lactase haplotype frequencies in Caucasians: association with the lactase persistence\/non-persistence polymorphism","volume":"62","author":"Harvey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders","volume":"158","author":"Hettema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.7.702","article-title":"A twin study of the genetics of fear conditioning","volume":"60","author":"Hettema","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04103","article-title":"Molecular insights into human brain evolution","volume":"437","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib55","first-page":"605","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults","volume":"69","author":"Holden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1086\/316924","article-title":"Lactase haplotype diversity in the old world","volume":"68","author":"Hollox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib57","series-title":"Kaplan and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry","first-page":"1444","article-title":"Anxiety disorders: epidemiology","author":"Horwath","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.5.552","article-title":"Affective spectrum disorder: does antidepressant response identify a family of disorders with a common pathophysiology?","volume":"147","author":"Hudson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.170","article-title":"Family study of affective spectrum disorder","volume":"60","author":"Hudson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.009","article-title":"Family study of fibromyalgia and affective spectrum disorder","volume":"56","author":"Hudson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(03)00043-9","article-title":"Prediction of the occurrence and intensity of post-traumatic stress disorder in victims 32 months after bomb attack","volume":"18","author":"Jehel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001204)96:6<791::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in a general population sample of female twins","volume":"96","author":"Jonnal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib63","series-title":"The nature of the child","author":"Kagan","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib64","series-title":"War before civilization: the myth of the peaceful savage","author":"Keeley","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib65","series-title":"Frontier warfare in the early Neolithic. Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past","first-page":"321","author":"Keeley","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040025003","article-title":"The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women. The interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia","volume":"49","author":"Kendler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.3.257","article-title":"The genetic epidemiology of irrational fears and phobias in men","volume":"58","author":"Kendler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.3.242","article-title":"The etiology of phobias: an evaluation of the stress-diathesis model","volume":"59","author":"Kendler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1379","article-title":"Prediction of panic response to a respiratory stimulant by reduced orbitofrontal cerebral blood flow in panic disorder","volume":"162","author":"Kent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108296","article-title":"Parallel patterns of evolution in the genomes and transcriptomes of humans and chimpanzees","volume":"309","author":"Khaitovich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00067-8","article-title":"The etiology of childhood dog phobia","volume":"35","author":"King","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib74","series-title":"Anxiety reconceptualized","author":"Klein","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1147","article-title":"Panic and phobic anxiety: phenotypes, endophenotypes, and genotypes","volume":"155","author":"Klein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160076009","article-title":"False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions","volume":"50","author":"Klein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib77","series-title":"The dawn of human culture","author":"Klein","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020126","article-title":"Accelerated evolution of the ASPM gene controlling brain size begins prior to human brain expansion","volume":"2","author":"Kouprina","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib79","series-title":"A research agenda for DSM-V","author":"Kupfer","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib80","series-title":"Bioarchaeology: interpreting behavior from the human skeleton","author":"Larsen","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib81","series-title":"Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage","first-page":"151","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/437050a","article-title":"News and views: the chimpanzee and us","volume":"437","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320480107","article-title":"Do genes influence exposure to trauma? A twin study of combat","volume":"48","author":"Lyons","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790270095011","article-title":"Brain evolution relating to family, play and the separation call","volume":"42","author":"MacLean","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib84","series-title":"Fears, phobias, and rituals","first-page":"228","author":"Marks","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib85","series-title":"The maladapted mind: classic readings in evolutionary psychopathology","first-page":"57","article-title":"Fear and fitness: an evolutionary analysis of anxiety disorders","author":"Marks","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80059-4","article-title":"Learning and unlearning fear: a clinical and evolutionary perspective","volume":"14","author":"Marks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1006\/jaar.1997.0315","article-title":"Raid, retreat, defend (repeat): the archaeology and ethnohistory of warfare on the North Pacific rim","volume":"17","author":"Maschner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Anthropol Archaeol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib88","series-title":"Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry","first-page":"484","article-title":"Evolutionary biology and psychiatry","author":"McGuire","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03234.x","article-title":"Evolutionary biology: a basic science for psychiatry?","volume":"86","author":"McGuire","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116815","article-title":"Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens","volume":"309","author":"Mekel-Bobrov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90093-A","article-title":"The etiology of fear of heights and its relationship to severity and individual response patterns","volume":"31","author":"Menzies","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1997)5:3<134::AID-DA5>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Mode of onset in evolutionary-relevant and evolutionary-neutral phobias: evidence from a clinical sample","volume":"5","author":"Menzies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00116-1","article-title":"Toward early pharmacological posttraumatic stress intervention","volume":"53","author":"Morgan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.819","article-title":"Relationships among plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cortisol levels, symptoms of dissociation, and objective performance in humans exposed to acute stress","volume":"61","author":"Morgan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib95","series-title":"Evolution in health and disease","first-page":"260","article-title":"Testing evolutionary hypotheses about mental disorders","author":"Nesse","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009938513897","article-title":"On the difficulty of defining disease: a Darwinian perspective","volume":"4","author":"Nesse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03472.x","article-title":"The smoke detector principle. Natural selection and the regulation of defensive responses","volume":"935","author":"Nesse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.002","article-title":"Natural selection and the regulation of defenses: a signal detection analysis of the smoke detector principle","volume":"26","author":"Nesse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib99","series-title":"Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine","first-page":"207","author":"Nesse","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320540411","article-title":"Genetics of blood-injury fears and phobias: a population-based twin study","volume":"54","author":"Neale","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.3.287","article-title":"Genetic effects on human cognition: lessons from the study of mental retardation syndromes","volume":"72","author":"Nokelainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.483","article-title":"Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning","volume":"108","author":"Ohman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib103","unstructured":"OMIM. Hypolactasia, adult type: hereditary persistence of intestinal lactase. OMIM [On-line]. Available: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/dispomim.cgi?id=223100; 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib104","series-title":"The real eve: modern man's journey out of Africa","first-page":"153","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib105","series-title":"Causality: models, reasoning, and inference","first-page":"342","author":"Pearl","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(199524)16:4<271::AID-IMHJ2280160404>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and \u201cuse-dependent\u201d development of the brain: how \u201cstates\u201d become \u201ctraits\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Perry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285290001943X","article-title":"Conceptually driven pharmacologic approaches to acute trauma","volume":"10","author":"Pitman","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01279-3","article-title":"Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol","volume":"51","author":"Pitman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00045-6","article-title":"Non-associative fear acquisition: a review of the evidence from retrospective and longitudinal research","volume":"40","author":"Poulton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00096-4","article-title":"Good teeth, bad teeth and fear of the dentist","volume":"35","author":"Poulton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10037-7","article-title":"Evidence for a non-associative model of the acquisition of a fear of heights","volume":"36","author":"Poulton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00103-X","article-title":"Water trauma and swimming experiences up to age 9 and fear of water at age 18: a longitudinal study","volume":"37","author":"Poulton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.371","article-title":"Reduction of nightmares and other PTSD symptoms in combat veterans by prazosin: a placebo-controlled study","volume":"160","author":"Raskind","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00026-2","article-title":"Hoarding in obsessive compulsive disorder: results from a case\u2013control study","volume":"40","author":"Samuels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib115","series-title":"A primate's memoir: a neuroscientist's unconventional life among the baboons","first-page":"104","author":"Sapolsky","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/3088","article-title":"Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans","volume":"20","author":"Seielstad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01335-5","article-title":"Acute stress reactions in adults","volume":"51","author":"Shalev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1998.11024830","article-title":"Is posttraumatic stress disorder an overlearned survival response? An evolutionary-learning hypothesis","volume":"61","author":"Silove","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160036003","article-title":"Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"50","author":"Southwick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00265-0","article-title":"Neurobiological perspectives on social phobia: from affiliation to zoology","volume":"44","author":"Stein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biolo Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(97)00019-4","article-title":"A neuro-evolutionary approach to the anxiety disorders","volume":"11","author":"Stein","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830020087010","article-title":"Public-speaking fears in a community sample. Prevalence, impact on functioning, and diagnostic classification","volume":"53","author":"Stein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1675","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a twin study","volume":"159","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.020","article-title":"A polymorphism of the beta1-adrenergic receptor is associated with low extraversion","volume":"56","author":"Stein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.7.1358","article-title":"Is taijin-kyofusho a culture-bound syndrome?","volume":"160","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01049-8","article-title":"Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system","volume":"111","author":"Takeda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib127","series-title":"Becoming human; evolution and human uniqueness","first-page":"139","author":"Tattersall","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(90)90017-Z","article-title":"The past explains the present: emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments","volume":"11","author":"Tooby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ethol Sociobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x","article-title":"On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: the role of genetics and adaptation","volume":"58","author":"Tooby","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Person"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib130","first-page":"175","article-title":"Adaptations versus phylogeny: the role of animal psychology in the study of human behavior","volume":"2","author":"Tooby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160019002","article-title":"A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms","volume":"50","author":"True","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23","article-title":"Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific","volume":"17","author":"Underhill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Mutat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib133","first-page":"939","article-title":"Immediate fright reaction: an essential criterion in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"45","author":"Vaiva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370304800606","article-title":"Fright (effroi) and other peritraumatic responses after a serious motor vehicle accident: prospective influence on acute PTSD development","volume":"48","author":"Vaiva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-004-0214-y","article-title":"In a sweat over the riddle of reflex syncope","volume":"14","author":"Van Dijk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.47.3.373","article-title":"The concept of mental disorder: on the boundary between biological facts and social values","volume":"47","author":"Wakefield","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001133420212","article-title":"Responding to mass psychogenic illness","volume":"342","author":"Wessely","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib139","series-title":"Violence against women: raiding and abduction in prehistoric Michigan. Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past","first-page":"21","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1997"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x","article-title":"Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology","volume":"197","author":"Wood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib141","series-title":"The international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision (ICD-10)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00276-5","article-title":"Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event","volume":"44","author":"Yehuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.4.1825","article-title":"Accelerated protein evolution and origins of human-specific features: Foxp2 as an example","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"}],"container-title":["Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278584606000091?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278584606000091?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T04:58:36Z","timestamp":1627189116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278584606000091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278584606000091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-5846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-5846","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]}}}