{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:13:05Z","timestamp":1793459585277,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T15:16:54Z","timestamp":1504624614000},"page":"356-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Treatment resistant schizophrenia and neurological soft signs may converge on the same pathology: Evidence from explanatory analysis on clinical, psychopathological, and cognitive variables"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"de Bartolomeis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Prinzivalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5987-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Callovini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"D'Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Altavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1157-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Avagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felice","family":"Iasevoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.001","article-title":"An examination of neurocognition and symptoms as predictors of post-hospital community tenure in treatment resistant schizophrenia","volume":"236","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S91170","article-title":"Neurological soft signs might be endophenotype candidates for patients with deficit syndrome schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Albayrak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.004","article-title":"Neuroadaptations to antipsychotic drugs: Insights from pre-clinical and human post-mortem studies","volume":"76","author":"Amato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pyv016","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv016","article-title":"Extensive gray matter volume reduction in treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.441","article-title":"Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus","volume":"162","author":"Andreasen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0866-9","article-title":"The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia. Normative data for the Italian population","volume":"29","author":"Anselmetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1349","article-title":"Prediction of neuropsychological performance by neurological signs in schizophrenia","volume":"156","author":"Arango","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.12.2337","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia: a follow-up study","volume":"162","author":"Bachmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.5.672","article-title":"A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia","volume":"154","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.06.042","article-title":"Differential cognitive performances between schizophrenic responders and non-responders to antipsychotics: correlation with course of the illness, psychopathology, attitude to the treatment and antipsychotics doses","volume":"210","author":"de Bartolomeis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.06.010","article-title":"Different effects of the NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine, MK-801, and memantine on postsynaptic density transcripts and their topography: role of Homer signaling, and implications for novel antipsychotic and pro-cognitive targets in psychosis","volume":"46","author":"de Bartolomeis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00901.x","article-title":"Comparative study of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia with onset in childhood, adolescence and adulthood","volume":"115","author":"Biswas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi028","article-title":"Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia: two decades later","volume":"31","author":"Bombin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2569","article-title":"Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method","volume":"94","author":"Breier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90148-0","article-title":"The neurological evaluation scale (NES): a structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Buchanan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.01.005","article-title":"Neurological soft signs as candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia: a shooting star or a Northern star?","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8469","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008469","article-title":"Neurological soft signs and their relationships to neurocognitive functions: A re-visit with the structural equation modeling design","volume":"4","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11850","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11850","article-title":"Re-visiting the nature and relationships between neurological signs and neurocognitive functions in first-episode schizophrenia: an invariance model across time","volume":"5","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11053","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11053","article-title":"Course of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia: Relationship with negative symptoms and cognitive performances","volume":"5","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02535-2","article-title":"The Cambridge neurological inventory: a clinical instrument for assessment of soft neurological signs in psychiatric patients","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2469","article-title":"Rate and predictors of non-response to first-line antipsychotic treatment in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Chiliza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01271-9","article-title":"Management of treatment resistance in schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Conley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007075","article-title":"Neurological soft signs and their relationship to cognitive and clinical efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Das","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s50","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.43.s50","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Dazzan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj063","article-title":"The structural brain correlates of neurological soft signs in healthy individuals","volume":"16","author":"Dazzan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.045450","article-title":"Neurological abnormalities and cognitive ability in first-episode psychosis","volume":"193","author":"Dazzan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010144","article-title":"Dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"169","author":"Demjaha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.011","article-title":"Antipsychotic treatment resistance in schizophrenia associated with elevated glutamate levels but normal dopamine function","volume":"75","author":"Demjaha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2014-101813","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a clinical perspective","volume":"17","author":"Dold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.01.006","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"Elkis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07061035","article-title":"A multiple-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral aripiprazole for treatment of adolescents with schizophrenia","volume":"165","author":"Findling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu017","article-title":"A systems neuroscience perspective of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"40","author":"Frangou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.11.028","article-title":"Profiling cognitive impairment in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients","volume":"235","author":"Frydecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20167","article-title":"The influence of illness-related variables, personal resources and context-related factors on real-life functioning of people with schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Galderisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09060802","article-title":"International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing","volume":"167","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1177-y","article-title":"Is treatment-resistant schizophrenia categorically distinct from treatment-responsive schizophrenia? A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Gillespie","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.1.11","article-title":"Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia","volume":"145","author":"Heinrichs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.138578","article-title":"Neurobiological hypothesis for the classification of schizophrenia: type A (hyperdopaminergic) and type B (normodopaminergic)","volume":"205","author":"Howes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16050503","article-title":"Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology","volume":"174","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0550-y","article-title":"Abnormalities in myelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle in patients with schizophrenia and deficits in movement sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Huttlova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S47571","article-title":"Tobacco smoking in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients is associated with impaired cognitive functioning, more severe negative symptoms, and poorer social adjustment","volume":"9","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.08.010","article-title":"Treatment resistant schizophrenia is associated with the worst community functioning among severely-ill highly-disabling psychiatric conditions and is the most relevant predictor of poorer achievements in functional milestones","volume":"65","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.015","article-title":"Assessing patient-rated vs. clinician-rated adherence to the therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia, schizophrenia responders, and non-schizophrenia patients","volume":"249","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-17","article-title":"Cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity and sequencing of movements in schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Kasparek","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.07.004","article-title":"New drug developments in psychosis: challenges, opportunities and strategies","volume":"152","author":"Keshavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.258","article-title":"Presynaptic dopamine capacity in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia taking clozapine: an [18F]DOPA PET study","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-9-24","article-title":"Predicting hospital admission and discharge with symptom or function scores in patients with schizophrenia: pooled analysis of a clinical trial extension","volume":"9","author":"Kozma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198506000-00005","article-title":"Assessment of tardive dyskinesia using the abnormal involuntary movement scale","volume":"173","author":"Lane","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0250","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition","volume":"161","author":"Lehman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301147","article-title":"Linking the PANSS, BPRS, and CGI: clinical implications","volume":"31","author":"Leucht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026616666160608084834","article-title":"Dopamine targeting drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia: past, present and future","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-008-0859-y","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings: frequency and correlates in two ethnic and socioeconomic distinct populations","volume":"259","author":"Mechri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.10.013","article-title":"Neurological soft signs and schizotypal dimensions in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"175","author":"Mechri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/16.4.563","article-title":"Defining treatment refractoriness in schizophrenia","volume":"16","author":"Meltzer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.04.017","article-title":"Relation of neurological soft signs to psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"94","author":"Mittal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00203-8","article-title":"Neurological soft signs and neuropsychological performance in patients with first episode schizophrenia","volume":"121","author":"Mohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv151","article-title":"Treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients show elevated anterior cingulate cortex glutamate compared to treatment-responsive","volume":"42","author":"Mouchlianitis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-113","article-title":"Is the PANSS used correctly? A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Obermeier","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs152","article-title":"Characterization of the deficit syndrome in drug-naive schizophrenia patients: the role of spontaneous movement disorders and neurological soft signs","volume":"40","author":"Peralta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.03.008","article-title":"Neurological soft signs, clinical symptoms and treatment reactivity in patients suffering from first episode schizophrenia","volume":"40","author":"Prikryl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.03.012","article-title":"Neurological soft signs and their relationship to 1-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"22","author":"Prikryl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.03.008","article-title":"Dynamics of neurological soft signs and its relationship to clinical course in patients with first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"200","author":"Prikryl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325052","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/325052","article-title":"Patients with poor response to antipsychotics have a more severe pattern of frontal atrophy: a voxel-based morphometry study of treatment resistance in schizophrenia","volume":"2014","author":"Quarantelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.04.014","article-title":"An exploratory study of the relationship between neurological soft signs and theory of mind deficits in schizophrenia","volume":"218","author":"Romeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1067","article-title":"Remission in schizophrenia: one-year Italian prospective study of risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder","volume":"24","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.16.4.480","article-title":"Relationships between cognitive and neurological performance in neuroleptic-naive psychosis","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.14121571","article-title":"Baseline striatal functional connectivity as a predictor of response to antipsychotic drug treatment","volume":"173","author":"Sarpal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(91)90017-L","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Schroder","year":"1991","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.06.012","article-title":"Neurological soft signs and positive treatment response to olanzapine in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Sevincok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb02066.x","article-title":"A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects","volume":"212","author":"Simpson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.09.016","article-title":"Treatment resistant schizophrenia and response to antipsychotics: a review","volume":"133","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.10.044","article-title":"Neural network activity and neurological soft signs in healthy adults","volume":"278","author":"Thomann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.03.017","article-title":"Three dysconnectivity patterns in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.277","article-title":"Dysfunctional striatal systems in treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.01.003","article-title":"Neuronal substrate and effective connectivity of abnormal movement sequencing in schizophrenia","volume":"67","author":"Zemankova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt063","article-title":"Neurological soft signs are not \u201csoft\u201d in brain structure and functional networks: evidence from ALE meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."}],"container-title":["Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278584617305407?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278584617305407?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T02:40:06Z","timestamp":1659408006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278584617305407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0278584617305407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-5846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-5846","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treatment resistant schizophrenia and neurological soft signs may converge on the same pathology: Evidence from explanatory analysis on clinical, psychopathological, and cognitive variables","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}