{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:49:22Z","timestamp":1790704162105,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T01:18:26Z","timestamp":1602379106000},"page":"110137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Relationship between neurological and cerebellar soft signs, and implicit motor learning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Adrian Andrzej","family":"Chrobak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Siuda-Krzywicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"So\u0142tys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Siwek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Bohaterewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Sobczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ceglarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tereszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Starowicz-Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"F\u0105frowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Marek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Siwek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.006","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in bipolar disorder in comparison to healthy controls and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Bora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.02.011","article-title":"Reduced cerebellar volume and neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"140","author":"Bottmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90148-0","article-title":"The neurological evaluation scale (NES): a structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Buchanan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00116.x","article-title":"A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical asymmetry in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord","volume":"6","author":"Caligiuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp011","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00893.x","article-title":"A quantitative metaanalysis of fMRI studies in bipolar disorder","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/28726","article-title":"Convergence insufficiency with unilateral exophoria at near in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - a preliminary study","volume":"48","author":"Chrobak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.043","article-title":"Implicit motor learning in bipolar disorder","volume":"174","author":"Chrobak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.07.009","article-title":"Neurological and cerebellar soft signs do not discriminate schizophrenia from bipolar disorder patients","volume":"4","author":"Chrobak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.06.025","article-title":"Disrupted implicit motor sequence learning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder revealed with ambidextrous serial reaction time task","volume":"79","author":"Chrobak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0030","first-page":"1","article-title":"Paradigms of procedural learning \u2013 a review of selected methods","volume":"2","author":"Chrobak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj063","article-title":"The structural brain correlates of neurological soft signs in healthy individuals","volume":"16","author":"Dazzan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.09.019","article-title":"State-dependent implicit learning deficit in schizophrenia: evidence from 20-month follow-up","volume":"142","author":"Exner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.4.526","article-title":"Soft signs and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia","volume":"153","author":"Flashman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.04.005","article-title":"Reacknowledging a \u201cmotor dimension\u201d will lead to biologically reliable phenotypes and innovative treatment strategies in mental disorders","volume":"26","author":"Hirjak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0550-y","article-title":"Abnormalities in myelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle in patients with schizophrenia and deficits in movement sequencing","volume":"13","author":"H\u00fcttlova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.022","article-title":"Genetics and intermediate phenotypes of the schizophrenia--bipolar disorder boundary","volume":"34","author":"Ivleva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2002.12.002","article-title":"The brief motor scale (BMS) for the assessment of motor soft signs in schizophrenic psychoses and other psychiatric disorders","volume":"142","author":"Jahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0080","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disrupted modular architecture of cerebellum in schizophrenia: A graph theoretic analysis","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull. I"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz118","article-title":"Neurological soft signs and brain network abnormalities in schizophrenia","volume":"46","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-011-0365-2","article-title":"Reduction of cerebellar grey matter in crus I and II in schizophrenia","volume":"217","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e31814ce524","article-title":"Cortical inhibitory dysfunction in bipolar disorder: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Levinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0149","series-title":"Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires","author":"McDowell","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00419.x","article-title":"Brain systems underlying response flexibility and bipolar adolescents: and event-related fMRI study","volume":"9","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90002-8","article-title":"Attentional requirements of learning: evidence from performance measures","volume":"19","author":"Nissen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412440191","article-title":"Size and shape of the caudate nucleus in individuals with bipolar affective disorder","volume":"46","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. N Z J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0153","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.04.027","article-title":"Deficit in schizophrenia to recruit the striatum in implicit learning: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation","volume":"87","author":"Reiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-011-0316-8","article-title":"Ataxia rating scales-psychometric profiles, natural history and their application in clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Saute","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0100","first-page":"438","article-title":"Aberrant cerebellar connectivity in bipolar disorder with psychosis","volume":"2","author":"Shinn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.02.005","article-title":"Is implicit sequence learning impaired in schizophrenia?","volume":"67","author":"Siegert","year":"2008","journal-title":"A Meta-Anal. Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10657","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of the international cooperative Ataxia rating scale (ICARS)","volume":"19","author":"Storey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.01160.x","article-title":"Volumetric MRI studies of mood disorders: do they distinguish unipolar and bipolar disorder?","volume":"4","author":"Strakowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.10.044","article-title":"Neural network activity and neurological soft signs in healthy adults","volume":"278","author":"Thomann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00231-6","article-title":"International cooperative Ataxia rating scale for pharmacological assessment of the cerebellar syndrome. The ataxia neuropharmacology committee of the world federation of neurology","volume":"145","author":"Trouillas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.07.012","article-title":"Cerebellar degeneration affects cortico-cortical connectivity in motor learning networks","volume":"16","author":"Tzvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0130","series-title":"Cerebellar and Other Neurological Soft Signs in Antipsychotic-na\u0131 \u00a8 Ve Schizophrenia","first-page":"352","author":"Varambally","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2007.12.021","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of neurological soft signs in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia","volume":"164","author":"Venkatasubramanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/89553","article-title":"Morphological changes of the brain in mood disorders","volume":"52","author":"Wilczy\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt063","article-title":"Neurological soft signs are not \u201csoft\u201d in brain structure and functional networks: Evidence from ALE meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."}],"container-title":["Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027858462030453X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027858462030453X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T20:07:28Z","timestamp":1759522048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027858462030453X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S027858462030453X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-5846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-5846","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Relationship between neurological and cerebellar soft signs, and implicit motor learning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110137","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110137"}}