{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:25:29Z","timestamp":1761128729148},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,22]],"date-time":"2009-02-22T06:38:45Z","timestamp":1235284725000},"page":"33-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Common Gynecologic Infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Wendy S.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.9.912","article-title":"Incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the United States","volume":"153","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199710163371601","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994","volume":"337","author":"Fleming","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.8.964","article-title":"Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States","volume":"296","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.1","article-title":"Genital herpes: review of the epidemic and potential use of type-specific serology","volume":"12","author":"Ashley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035144","article-title":"Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes","volume":"350","author":"Corey","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1086\/383038","article-title":"Famiciclovir suppression of asymptomatic and symptomatic recurrent anogenital herpes simplex virus shedding in women: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single center trial","volume":"189","author":"Sacks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(00)80015-6","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin. Management of herpes in pregnancy. Number 8, October 1999. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists","volume":"68","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J\u00a0Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib8","series-title":"Screening for genital herpes: recommendation statement","author":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)","year":"2005"},{"issue":"RR-11","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines, 2006","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006 Syphilis surveillance report supplement. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/std\/Syphilis2006\/Syphilis2006Complete.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib11","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.2.90","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum","volume":"78","author":"Mabey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib13","first-page":"1827","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases: an update","volume":"76","author":"Van Vranken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.11.1368","article-title":"Evaluation of vaginal complaints","volume":"291","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00264-6","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm","volume":"07","author":"Eckert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.74.3.194","article-title":"Evaluation of two clinical protocols for the management of women with vaginal discharge in southern Thailand","volume":"74","author":"Chandeying","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib17","unstructured":"Pharmacy Times. Available at: http:\/\/www.pharmacytimes.com\/issues\/articles\/2006-06_3567.asp. Accessed July 4, 2008."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200605000-00049","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin. Vaginitis","volume":"107","author":"ACOG","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115116","article-title":"Treatment of complicated Candida vaginitis: comparison of single and sequential doses of fluconazole","volume":"185","author":"Sobel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033114","article-title":"Maintenance fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"351","author":"Sobel","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00726-9","article-title":"Treatment of vaginitis caused by Candida glabrata: use of topical boric acid and flucytosine","volume":"189","author":"Sobel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib22","first-page":"59","article-title":"Clinical prediction of Gardnerella vaginalis in general practice","volume":"37","author":"O'Dowd","year":"1987","journal-title":"J R Coll Gen Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.02.015","article-title":"Predictive value of the clinical diagnosis of lower genital tract infection in women","volume":"190","author":"Landers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1086\/503780","article-title":"High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence","volume":"193","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald HM, Brocklehurst P, Gordon A. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, (1). Art No.: CD000262. 10.1002\/14651858.CD000262.pub3.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000262.pub3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002243420802","article-title":"Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. National institute of child health and human development network of maternal-fetal medicine units","volume":"342","author":"Carey","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000139512.37582.17","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"104","author":"Ness","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.02.048","article-title":"A randomized trial of metronidazole in asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis to prevent the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"196","author":"Schwebke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567eaa","article-title":"Condom use and its association with bacterial vaginosis and bacterial vaginosis-associated vaginal microflora","volume":"18","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1086\/522532","article-title":"The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive age women in the United States, 2001\u20132004","volume":"45","author":"Sutton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00466-0","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis","volume":"108","author":"Wiese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0188.x","article-title":"\u201cShotgun\u201d versus sequential testing: cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies for vaginitis","volume":"20","author":"Carr","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.684-687.2005","article-title":"Use of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal specimens","volume":"43","author":"Heppert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00660.x","article-title":"Is metronidazole teratogenic? A\u00a0meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Caro-Paton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003329","article-title":"Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection","volume":"345","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00788.x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of metronidazole for the prevention of preterm birth in women positive for cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin: the PREMET study","volume":"113","author":"Shennan","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1086\/526496","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis infection and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in African women","volume":"197","author":"Van der Pol","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70168-0","article-title":"Clinical and microscopic diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection: a prospective analysis","volume":"25","author":"Abbott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.150.9.1929","article-title":"The limited value of symptoms and signs in the diagnosis of vaginal infections","volume":"150","author":"Schaaf","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib40","first-page":"319","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of anorectal gonorrhea in women","volume":"56","author":"Stansfield","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J\u00a0Vener Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib41","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control. Trends in reportable sexually transmitted diseases in the United States, 2006. CDC Available at: www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats\/trends2006.htm Accessed August 4, 2008."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib42","first-page":"819","article-title":"USPSTF recommendations for STI screening","volume":"77","author":"Meyers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib43","first-page":"332","article-title":"Update to CDC's sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib44","first-page":"244","article-title":"Problems in the culture diagnosis of gonorrhea","volume":"30","author":"Schink","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.00923.x","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium: the aetiologial agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"18","author":"Jensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.012062","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium: prevalence, clinical significance, and transmission","volume":"81","author":"Angarius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02608.x","article-title":"Live-attenuated influenza viruses as delivery vectors for chlamydia vaccines","volume":"122","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology"}],"container-title":["Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009545430800095X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S009545430800095X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]],"date-time":"2019-05-18T05:27:51Z","timestamp":1558157271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S009545430800095X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S009545430800095X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-4543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-4543","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}