{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:59:05Z","timestamp":1778893145545,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["primarycare.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T15:18:14Z","timestamp":1428419894000},"page":"177-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evaluation and Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Nojan","family":"Valadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00630-X","article-title":"The epidemiology of motor neuron diseases: a review of recent studies","volume":"191","author":"Worms","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.183525","article-title":"Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Europe","volume":"81","author":"Logroscino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.224501","article-title":"Rate of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Byrne","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000277463.87361.8c","article-title":"Lifetime occupation, education, smoking, and risk of ALS","volume":"69","author":"Sutedja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c1df48","article-title":"Smoking may be considered an established risk factor for sporadic ALS","volume":"73","author":"Armon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.7.1077","article-title":"Epidemiologic correlates of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Armon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh373","article-title":"Severely increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Italian professional football players","volume":"128","author":"Chi\u00f2","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.2.167","article-title":"Antecedent events in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Felmus","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105313442207","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"344","author":"Rowland","year":"2001","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000148649.17706.D9","article-title":"Prospective study of military service and mortality from ALS","volume":"64","author":"Weisskopf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(00)00215-7","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase gene mutations in Italian patients with familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: identification of three novel missense mutations","volume":"11","author":"Gellera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1742","article-title":"ANG mutations segregate with familial and \u2018sporadic\u2019 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Greenway","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154584","article-title":"TDP-43 mutations in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"319","author":"Sreedharan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bd1161","article-title":"Another gene for ALS: mutations in sporadic cases and the rare variant hypothesis","volume":"73","author":"Talbot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bbfeef","article-title":"Mutations in FUS cause FALS and SALS in French and French Canadian populations","volume":"73","author":"Belzil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31825dceca","article-title":"Contribution of major amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genes to the etiology of sporadic disease","volume":"79","author":"Lattante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/17482960802572673","article-title":"A\u00a0novel mutation in the senataxin gene identified in a Chinese patient with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e25df","article-title":"SQSTM1 mutations in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Rubino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1090-0","article-title":"Mutations in SQSTM1 encoding p62 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: genetics and neuropathology","volume":"125","author":"Teyssou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821f445b","article-title":"Expanded ATXN2 CAG repeat size in ALS identifies genetic overlap between ALS and SCA2","volume":"76","author":"Van Damme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821e557a","article-title":"ALS risk but not phenotype is affected by ataxin-2 intermediate length polyglutamine expansion","volume":"76","author":"Sorar\u00f9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821f4498","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinocerebellar ataxia 2","volume":"76","author":"Fischbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318249f697","article-title":"SMN1 gene duplications are associated with sporadic ALS","volume":"78","author":"Blauw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70225-9","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies and ALS: are we there yet?","volume":"6","author":"Traynor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib25","unstructured":"Zimmerman HM. Monthly report to the medical officer in command. Dayton (OH): United States Navy; Medical Research Unit No. 2. 1945."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.4.5.355","article-title":"Epidemiologic investigations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. I. Preliminary report on geographic distribution, with special reference to the Mariana Islands, including clinical and pathologic observations","volume":"4","author":"Curled","year":"1954","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200010)23:10<1488::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders","volume":"23","author":"Daube","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(02)00119-5","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases","volume":"14","author":"Krivickas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-010-0439-6","article-title":"Dementia and cognitive impairment in ALS: a review","volume":"32","author":"Giordana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200001)23:1<138::AID-MUS22>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"The \u201csplit hand syndrome\u201d","volume":"23","author":"Wilbourn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20949","article-title":"Dissociated small hand muscle atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: frequency, extent, and specificity","volume":"37","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib32","unstructured":"Mitsumoto H, Chad D, Pioro EP. Monograph. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Contemporary Neurology Series 49. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. 1997. p. 1\u2013480."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103564","article-title":"Prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with respiratory onset","volume":"78","author":"Shoesmith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000286948.99150.16","article-title":"Clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic evidence for sensory abnormalities in ALS","volume":"69","author":"Hammad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.66.1.121","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-plus syndrome with TAR DNA-binding protein-43 pathology","volume":"66","author":"McCluskey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70036-X","article-title":"Controversies and priorities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/146608200300079536","article-title":"El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Mot Neuron Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00050-C","article-title":"The validation of El Escorial criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinicopathological study","volume":"129","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.09.143","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS","volume":"119","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.254","article-title":"Awaji criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000058901.75728.4E","article-title":"Corticospinal tract degeneration in the progressive muscular atrophy variant of ALS","volume":"60","author":"Ince","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2004.00546.x","article-title":"Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of long duration mimicking spinal progressive muscular atrophy exists: additional autopsy case with a clinical course of 19 years","volume":"24","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20728","article-title":"Primary lateral sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Singer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib44","first-page":"331","article-title":"Classification and clinical features of motor neuron diseases and motor neuropathies in adults","volume":"246","author":"Donaghy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345041.83406.a2","article-title":"Natural history and clinical features of the flail arm and flail leg ALS variants","volume":"72","author":"Wijesekera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.02.011","article-title":"Multifocal motor neuropathy","volume":"19","author":"Muley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91835-3","article-title":"Genetic basis of adult-onset spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"346","author":"Zerres","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.08.025","article-title":"Perspectives of Kennedy's disease","volume":"298","author":"Finsterer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.9.1258","article-title":"Effect of a multidisciplinary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinic on ALS survival: a population based study, 1996-2000","volume":"74","author":"Traynor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","article-title":"The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function","volume":"169","author":"Cedarbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib51","first-page":"473","article-title":"An outcome study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\u2014a population-based study in Ireland, 1996\u20132000","volume":"250","author":"Traynor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01575.x","article-title":"Riluzole and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis survival: a population-based study in southern Italy","volume":"14","author":"Zoccolella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-40757","article-title":"Warning signs of imminent respiratory failure in neurological patients","volume":"23","author":"Rabinstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"}],"container-title":["Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095454315000202?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095454315000202?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,23]],"date-time":"2018-09-23T20:21:07Z","timestamp":1537734067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0095454315000202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0095454315000202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-4543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-4543","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation and Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pop.2015.01.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}