{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:47:50Z","timestamp":1780069670534,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Powder Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T11:44:42Z","timestamp":1575373482000},"page":"399-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Role of particle diameter in laminar combustion regimes for hybrid mixtures of coal dust and methane gas"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"362","author":[{"given":"Chris T.","family":"Cloney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Ripley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Pegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Amyotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(93)90580-U","article-title":"The ignitability of coal dust-air and methane-coal dust-air mixtures","volume":"72","author":"Amyotte","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2010.01.009","article-title":"Hydrogen\/dust explosion hazard in ITER: effect of nitrogen dilution on explosion behavior of hydro- gen\/tungsten dust\/air mixtures","volume":"85","author":"Denkevits","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.11673","article-title":"Influence of liquid and vapourized solvents on explosibility of pharmaceutical excipient dusts","volume":"33","author":"Hossain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2009.06.006","article-title":"Case study of nylon fibre explosion: an example of explosion risk in a textile plant","volume":"23","author":"Marmo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.05.001","article-title":"Explosibility of cork dust in methane\/air mixtures","volume":"19","author":"Pil\u00e3o","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.10097","article-title":"Evaluation of dust and hybrid mixture explosion potential in process plants","volume":"24","author":"Dastidar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0035","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kenntniss der Staubexplosionen","volume":"171\u2013173","author":"Engler","year":"1885","journal-title":"Chemische Industrie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0040","series-title":"Dust Explosions in the Process Industries","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.06.012","article-title":"Current status and expected future trends in dust explosion research","volume":"18","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2014.05.003","article-title":"Flame structure and particle-combustion regimes in premixed methand-iron-air suspensions","volume":"35","author":"Julien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2012.02.013","article-title":"Study of interaction of entrained coal dust particles in lean methane-air premixed flames","volume":"159","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2017.11.010","article-title":"Laminar burning velocity and structure of coal dust flames using a unity Lewis number CFD model","volume":"190","author":"Cloney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2018.09.004","article-title":"Laminar combustion regimes for hybrid mixtures of coal dust with methane gas below the gas lower flammability limit","volume":"198","author":"Cloney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0070","series-title":"Turbulent Combustion","volume":"vol. 2000","author":"Peters","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2010.08.069","article-title":"Dust\/gas mixtures explosion regimes","volume":"205","author":"Garcia-Agreda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2011.05.005","article-title":"Study of the severity of hybrid mixture explosions and comparison to pure dust-air and vapour-air explosions","volume":"24","author":"Sanchirico","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2017.03.004","article-title":"Evaluating regime diagrams for closed volume hybrid explosions","volume":"49","author":"Cloney","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2007.04.033","article-title":"Explosibility of hydrogen-graphite dust hybrid mixtures","volume":"20","author":"Denkevits","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2015.03.024","article-title":"Hybrid H2\/A1 dust explosions in Siwek sphere","volume":"36","author":"Denkevits","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0100","series-title":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium ( International) on Combustion","first-page":"971","article-title":"Internal group combustion of liquid droplets","author":"Chiu","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2140294","article-title":"Combustion mechanism of liquid fuel spray in a gaseous flame","volume":"17","author":"Nakamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2015.12.014","article-title":"Effects of ignition energy on fire and explosion characteristics of dilute hybrid fuel in ventilation air methane","volume":"40","author":"Ajrash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2013.03.006","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the complex deflagration phenomena of hybrid mixtures of activated carbon dust\/hydrogen\/air","volume":"26","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.10333","article-title":"Prevention and mitigation of dust and hybrid mixture explosions","volume":"29","author":"Amyotte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0125","series-title":"Burning Velocity and Lower Flammability Limits of Hybrid Mixtures Containing Combustible Dust and Flammable Gas","author":"Cloney","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.1128","article-title":"Particle tracking in unstructured, arbitrary polyhedral meshes for use in CFD and molecular dynamics","volume":"25","author":"Macpherson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0135","series-title":"Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion","author":"Kuo","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/14786449308620508","article-title":"The viscosity of gases and molecular force","volume":"36","author":"Sutherland","year":"1893","journal-title":"Phil. Mag. Series 5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0145","series-title":"The Properties of Gases and Liquids","author":"Poling","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0150","author":"Smith"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0155","first-page":"1467","article-title":"Integratable form of droplet drag coefficient","volume":"31","author":"Putnam","year":"1961","journal-title":"ARS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0160","first-page":"141","article-title":"Evaporation from drops","volume":"48","author":"Ranz","year":"1952","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1285(82)90011-9","article-title":"Recent advances in droplet vaporization and combustion","volume":"8","author":"Law","year":"1982","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(94)90160-0","article-title":"Structure of laminar premixed carbon- methane-air flames and ultrafine coal combustion","volume":"96","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(69)90002-9","article-title":"Rate of combustion of size-graded fractions of char from a low-rank coal between 1200\u202f\u00b0\u202fK and 2000\u00b0K","volume":"13","author":"Field","year":"1969","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0180","author":"CERFACS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0185","series-title":"An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method","author":"Versteeg","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(86)90099-9","article-title":"Solution of the implicitly discretized fluid flow equations by operator-splitting","volume":"62","author":"Issa","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0195","series-title":"Cantera: An Object-Oriented Software Toolkit For Chemical Kinetics, Thermo- Dynamics, And Transport Processes","author":"Goodwin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(99)00142-X","article-title":"Laminar burning velocity and Markstein lengths of methane-air mixtures","volume":"121","author":"Gu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1540-7489(02)80179-1","article-title":"Outward propagation, burning velocities, and chemical effects of methane flames up to 60 atm","volume":"29","author":"Rozenchan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2010.06.116","article-title":"Combustion characteristics of alternative gaseous fuels","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(06)80020-2","article-title":"Analytic approximations of burning velocities and flame thicknesses of lean hydrogen, methane, ethylene, ethane, acetylene, and propane flames","author":"G\u00f6ttgens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Twenty-Fourth Symp. ( Int.) on Combust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0220","series-title":"Determination of Laminar Flame Thickness and Burning Velocity of Methane-Air Mixture","author":"Heravi","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(72)80218-9","article-title":"The burning velocity of methane-air mixtures","volume":"19","author":"Andrews","year":"1972","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0230","series-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions","first-page":"435","article-title":"The role of radiative pre- heating on flame propagation in aluminum dust clouds","author":"Droujko","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106_bb0235","series-title":"Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Effect of scale on freely propagating flames in aluminum dust clouds","author":"Julien","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Powder Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032591019310678?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032591019310678?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T23:27:31Z","timestamp":1758497251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032591019310678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0032591019310678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5910"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5910","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Role of particle diameter in laminar combustion regimes for hybrid mixtures of coal dust and methane gas","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Powder Technology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.106","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}