{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T09:05:58Z","timestamp":1783933558557,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008091","name":"University of Rochester","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T16:14:25Z","timestamp":1767975265000},"page":"100424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Explore thyself: is it time for metacognition screening in clinical trials?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2819-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"McGarry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott Y.H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Auinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Venuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0005","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/114\/plaws\/publ255\/PLAW-114publ255.pdf. Accessed January 6, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0010","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/139088\/download. Accessed January 6, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0015","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/131230\/download. Accessed January 6, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0020","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/159500\/download. Accessed January 6, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0025","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/166830\/download. Accessed January 6, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Metcalfe, A.P. Shimamura, Metacognition: Knowing about Knowing. MIT Press, 1994.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4561.001.0001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.M. Fleming, HC Lau. How to measure metacognition. Front Hum Neurosci Jul 15; 8 (2014):443. doi: 10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00443. PMID: 25076880; PMCID: PMC4097944.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00443"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Rouault, T Seow, CM Gillan, SM Fleming. Psychiatric Symptom Dimensions Are Associated With Dissociable Shifts in Metacognition but Not Task Performance. Biol Psychiatry. Sep 15; 84 (6) (2018): 43-451. doi: 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.12.017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.12.017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0045","unstructured":"https:\/\/mocacognition.com\/. Accessed June 19, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Maier, GP Prigatano, E Kalbe, MT Barbe, C Eggers, CJ Lewis, RS Burns, J Morrone-Strupinsky, G Moguel-Cobos, GR Fink, L Timmermann. Impaired self-awareness of motor deficits in Parkinson's disease: association with motor asymmetry and motor phenotypes. Mov Disord.Sep 15;27(11) (2012):1443-7. doi: 10.1002\/mds.25079. Epub 2012 Jun 18. PMID: 22711290.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25079"},{"issue":"2016","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.05.019","article-title":"Behavioural and neuroimaging correlates of impaired self-awareness of hypo- and hyperkinesia in Parkinson's disease","volume":"82","author":"Maier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Tondelli, M. Manigrasso, G. Zamboni. Impaired Self-Awareness in Parkinson's and Huntington's Diseases: A Literature Review of Neuroimaging Correlates. Brain Sci. Feb 23;14(3) (2024) 204. doi: 10.3390\/brainsci14030204. PMID: 38539593; PMCID: PMC10968004.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030204"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.M. Valera-Bermejo, M. De Marco, M Mitolo, C Cerami, A Dodich, A Venneri. Large-Scale Functional Networks, Cognition and Brain Structures Supporting Social Cognition and Theory of Mind Performance in Prodromal to Mild Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci. Nov 17;13: (2021) 766703. doi: 10.3389\/fnagi.2021.766703. PMID: 34867292; PMCID: PMC8636093.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.766703"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Balconi, L Angioletti, C Siri, N Meucci, G Pezzoli. Gambling behavior in Parkinson's Disease: Impulsivity, reward mechanism and cortical brain oscillations. Psychiatry Res. Dec;270: (2018) 974-980. doi: 10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.041. Epub 2018 Mar 20. PMID: 29580652.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.041"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Weintraub, E Mamikonyan, K Papay, JA Shea, SX Xie, A Siderowf. Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease-Rating Scale. Mov Disord. Feb;27(2): (2012) 242-7. doi: 10.1002\/mds.24023. Epub 2011 Dec 1. PMID: 22134954; PMCID: PMC3537263.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. B\u0103l\u0103e\u0163, F Alhajraf, NJ Bourke, J Welch, J Razzaque, P Malhotra, MT Hu, A Hampshire. Metacognitive accuracy differences in Parkinson's disease and REM sleep behavioral disorder relative to healthy controls. Front Neurol. May 27;15 (2024)1399313. doi: 10.3389\/fneur.2024.1399313. PMID: 38859970; PMCID: PMC11164050.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1399313"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.C. Palmer, AS David, SM Fleming. Effects of age on metacognitive efficiency. Conscious Cogn. Aug;28 (2014) 151-60. doi: 10.1016\/j.concog.2014.06.007. Epub 2014 Jul 26. PMID: 25064692; PMCID: PMC4154452.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2014.06.007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Bryant SE, Waring SC, Cullum CM, Hall J, Lacritz L, Massman PJ, Lupo PJ, Reisch JS, Doody R; Texas Alzheimer's Research Consortium. Staging dementia using Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes scores: a Texas Alzheimer's research consortium study. Arch Neurol. 2008 Aug;65(8):1091-5. doi: 10.1001\/archneur.65.8.1091. PMID: 18695059; PMCID: PMC3409562.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.8.1091"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huntington Study Group. Unified Huntington\u2019s disease rating scale: reliability and consistency.Mov. Disord.11(2), 136\u2013142.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110204"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkinson Study Group STEADY-PD III Investigators. Isradipine Versus Placebo in Early Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. May 5;172(9) (2020) 591-598. doi: 10.7326\/M19-2534. Epub 2020 Mar 31. PMID: 32227247; PMCID: PMC7465126.","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2534"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Parkinson Study Group SURE-PD3 Investigators. Effect of Urate-Elevating Inosine on Early Parkinson Disease Progression:The SURE-PD3 Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA.2021;326(10):926\u2013939. doi:10.1001\/jama.2021.10207.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.10207"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Simuni, B Fiske, K Merchant, CS Coffey, E Klingner, C Caspell-Garcia, DE Lafontant, H Matthews, RK Wyse, P Brundin, DK Simon, M Schwarzschild, D Weiner, J Adams, C Venuto, TM Dawson, L Baker, M Kostrzebski, T Ward, G Rafaloff. Parkinson Study Group NILO-PD Investigators and Collaborators. Efficacy of Nilotinib in Patients With Moderately Advanced Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol Mar 1;78(3) (2021)312-320. doi: 10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4725. Erratum in: JAMA Neurol. 2021 Apr 1;78(4):497. doi: 10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0103. PMID: 33315105; PMCID: PMC7737147.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0103"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. McGarry, S Rosanbalm, M Leinonen, CW Olanow, D To, A Bell, D Lee, J Chang, J Dubow, R Dhall, D Burdick, S Parashos, J Feuerstein, J Quinn, R Pahwa, M Afshari, A Ramirez-Zamora, K Chou, A Tarakad, C Luca, K Klos, Y Bordelon, MH St Hiliare, D Shprecher, S Lee, TM Dawson, V Roschke, K Kieburtz. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of NLY01 in early untreated Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. Jan;23(1) (2024) 37-45. doi: 10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00378-2. PMID: 38101901.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00378-2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NINDS NET-PD Investigators. A pilot clinical trial of creatine and minocycline in early Parkinson disease: 18-month results. Clin Neuropharmacol. May-Jun;31(3) (2008)141-50. doi: 10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181342f32. PMID: 18520981; PMCID: PMC4372145.","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181342f32"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NINDS NET-PD Investigators. A randomized clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 and GPI-1485 in early Parkinson disease. Neurology. Jan 2;68(1): (2007) 20-8. doi: 10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250355.28474.8e. PMID: 17200487.","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250355.28474.8e"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NINDS Exploratory Trials in Parkinson Disease (NET-PD) FS-ZONE Investigators. Pioglitazone in early Parkinson's disease: a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. Aug;14(8) (2015)795-803. doi: 10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00144-1. Epub 2015 Jun 23. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2015 Oct; 14(10):979. PMID: 26116315; PMCID: PMC4574625.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00144-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Group for the NINDS Exploratory Trials in Parkinson Disease (NET-PD) Investigators. Effect of creatine monohydrate on clinical progression in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Feb 10;313(6) (2015) 584-93. doi: 10.1001\/jama.2015.120. PMID: 25668262; PMCID: PMC4349346.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.120"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0140","unstructured":"F. Turiaco, A Bruno, C Mento, C Cedro, G Pandolfo, MRA Muscatello. Impulsivity and Metacognition in a Psychiatric Population. Clin Neuropsychiatry. Apr;19(2) (2022) 97-102. doi: 10.36131\/cnfioritieditore20220203. PMID: 35601246; PMCID: PMC9112996."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Halaj, G Konstantakopoulos, NS Ghaemi, AS David. Anxiety Disorders: The Relationship between Insight and Metacognition. Psychopathology; 57(5) (2024) 434-443. doi: 10.1159\/000538096. Epub 2024 Mar 27. PMID: 38537613; PMCID: PMC11446293.","DOI":"10.1159\/000538096"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0150","first-page":"185","article-title":"Development of a self-report measure of metacognition: the Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS). Instrument description and factor structure","volume":"14","author":"Pedone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry: J. Treatment Eval."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Rahnev. A comprehensive assessment of current methods for measuring metacognition. Nat Commun. Jan 15;16(1) (2025)701. doi: 10.1038\/s41467-025-56117-0. PMID: 39814749; PMCID: PMC11735976.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56117-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.G. Goetz, J Wuu, MP McDermott, CH Adler, S Fahn, CR Freed, RA Hauser, CW Olanow, I Shoulson, PK Tandon, S Leurgans. Placebo response in Parkinson's disease: comparisons among 11 trials covering medical and surgical interventions. Mov Disord.Apr 15;23(5) (2008)690-9. doi: 10.1002\/mds.21894. PMID: 18228568.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21894"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Witek, GT Stebbins, CG Goetz. What influences placebo and nocebo responses in Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord. Aug;33(8) (2018)1204-1212. doi: 10.1002\/mds.27416. Epub 2018 Aug 22. PMID: 30132980.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27416"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Wang, D Liu, M Zhang. Metacognitive processes, situational factors, and clinical decision-making in nursing education: a quantitative longitudinal study. BMC Med Educ. Dec 26;24(1) (2024) 1530. doi: 10.1186\/s12909-024-06467-y. PMID: 39722024; PMCID: PMC11670434.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06467-y"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4103\/1357-6283.143784","article-title":"Metacognition in medical education","volume":"22","author":"Gonullu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educat Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.D. Stanton, AJ Sebesta, J Dunlosky. Fostering Metacognition to Support Student Learning and Performance. CBE Life Sci Educ.Jun;20(2) (2021) fe3. doi: 10.1187\/cbe.20-12-0289. PMID: 33797282; PMCID: PMC8734377.","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.20-12-0289"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.R. Nassar, R Bruckner, JI Gold, SC Li, HR Heekeren, B Eppinger. Age differences in learning emerge from an insufficient representation of uncertainty in older adults. Nat Commun. Jun 10;7 (2016) 11609. doi: 10.1038\/ncomms11609. PMID: 27282467; PMCID: PMC4906358.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11609"}],"container-title":["Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590112526000046?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590112526000046?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:16:53Z","timestamp":1783930613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590112526000046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S2590112526000046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-1125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-1125","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Explore thyself: is it time for metacognition screening in clinical trials?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100424","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100424"}}