{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:03:32Z","timestamp":1789427012002,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":108,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:21:53Z","timestamp":1776702113000},"page":"100444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gait and balance deterioration following deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a counterfactual review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nana","family":"Tchantchaleishvili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrii","family":"Netliukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ganau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25683","article-title":"Characterizing freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Nieuwboer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-012-0012-3","article-title":"Postural instability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.07.006","article-title":"Postural disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Benatru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh571","article-title":"Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a multicentre study with 4-year follow-up","volume":"128","author":"Rodriguez-Oroz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.252","article-title":"Axial disability and deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"11","author":"Fasano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25677","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for gait and postural symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"P\u00f6tter-Nerger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2024-000898","article-title":"Gait and balance worsening after bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Janssen Daalen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol Open."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0040","first-page":"1674","article-title":"Long-term outcome of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: focus on axial symptoms","volume":"29","author":"Rizzone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.08.016","article-title":"Persistent adverse effects following different targets and periods after bilateral deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"393","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0050","first-page":"2171","article-title":"Acute freezing of gait induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation","volume":"22","author":"Tommasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.02.014","article-title":"Acute induction of levodopa-resistant freezing of gait upon subthalamic nucleus electrode implantation","volume":"17","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306336","article-title":"Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective controlled study","volume":"85","author":"Vercruysse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13167","article-title":"Effect of high-frequency subthalamic neurostimulation on gait and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Schlenstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000303972.16279.46","article-title":"STN-DBS frequency adjustment for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"71","author":"Moreau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt122","article-title":"Nigral stimulation for resistant axial motor impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"136","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012153","article-title":"The long-term efficacy of STN vs GPi deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27098","article-title":"Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinical review","volume":"33","author":"Thevathasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0090","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0095","first-page":"1870","article-title":"Acute worsening of axial symptoms after subthalamic stimulation: a case series","volume":"34","author":"Meoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12288","article-title":"Early use of 60-Hz frequency subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case series and review","volume":"18","author":"Ramdhani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-017-0083-7","article-title":"Effect of low versus high frequency stimulation on freezing of gait and other axial symptoms in Parkinson patients with bilateral STN DBS","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.3.267","article-title":"Effects of deep brain stimulation and levodopa on postural sway in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"73","author":"Rocchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"16 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310416.90757.85","article-title":"Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on freezing of gait in Parkinson disease","volume":"70","author":"Ferraye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26545","article-title":"Subthalamic stimulation may inhibit the beneficial effects of levodopa on akinesia and gait","volume":"31","author":"Fleury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28048","article-title":"A novel DBS paradigm for axial features in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized crossover study","volume":"35","author":"Karl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2015.07.001","article-title":"Effects of deep brain stimulation on balance and gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic neurophysiological review","volume":"45","author":"Collomb-Clerc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15050535","article-title":"The effects of deep brain stimulation on balance in Parkinson\u2019s disease as measured using posturography: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Lonergan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.806513","article-title":"Troubleshooting gait disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s disease with deep brain stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Pozzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02761-x","article-title":"Efficacy of subthalamic deep brain stimulation programming strategies for gait disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Tortato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32161-3","article-title":"Frequency-dependent effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f61329","article-title":"A meta-regression of the long-term effects of deep brain stimulation on balance and gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"75","author":"St George","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23583","article-title":"Modulation of gait coordination by subthalamic stimulation improves freezing of gait","volume":"26","author":"Fasano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171077","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the effect of varying stimulation parameters","volume":"7","author":"Dayal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.03.015","article-title":"Variable frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.11.039","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus stimulation and gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a not always fruitful relationship","volume":"52","author":"Cossu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0180","first-page":"410","article-title":"Axial symptoms after deep brain stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Fasano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.014","article-title":"Movement disorders induced by deep brain stimulation","volume":"25","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.07.018","article-title":"Low-frequency deep brain stimulation for movement disorders","volume":"31","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.749722","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of deep brain stimulation in different targets in improving gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_292_17","article-title":"Asymmetric neuromodulation of motor circuits in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Lizarraga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.01.022","article-title":"Role of pedunculopontine nucleus in gait and posture: lessons from DBS studies","volume":"128","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12592","article-title":"Challenges in PD patient management after DBS: a pragmatic review","volume":"5","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13541","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"292","author":"Hariz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2013-000743","article-title":"Practical approach to freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Okuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00010-3","article-title":"Clinical outcome of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Deuschl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00011-5","article-title":"Postoperative management of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Castrioto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100448","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000}}],"container-title":["Clinical Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590112526000241?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590112526000241?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:16:34Z","timestamp":1783930594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590112526000241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S2590112526000241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-1125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-1125","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gait and balance deterioration following deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a counterfactual review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2026.100444","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100444"}}