{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:40:53Z","timestamp":1794037253718,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pregnancy Hypertension"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T21:17:53Z","timestamp":1641244673000},"page":"123-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick tests for proteinuria in pregnant women suspected of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Teeuw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah Brown","family":"Amoakoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine Anabelle","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Lindsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce L.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0010","first-page":"e323","article-title":"Global causes of maternal death: A WHO systematic analysis, Lancet","volume":"2","author":"Say","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Heal."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.174265","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia in community settings in low and middle-income countries","volume":"4","author":"Salam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2014.02.001","article-title":"The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised statement from the ISSHP","volume":"4","author":"Tranquilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2012.02.008","article-title":"Preventing the preventable: Pre-eclampsia and global maternal mortality","volume":"22","author":"Hezelgrave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynaecol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.18315","article-title":"Preeclampsia screening evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force","volume":"317","author":"Henderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA - J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000118311.18958.63","article-title":"Accuracy of urinalysis dipstick techniques in predicting significant proteinuria in pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Waugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.181281","article-title":"Inadequacy of Dipstick Proteinuria in Hypertensive Pregnancy: Evidence for a change to alternatives","volume":"16","author":"Ebeigbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Niger. Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2017.01.005","article-title":"Visual or automated dipstick testing for proteinuria in pregnancy?","volume":"7","author":"Correa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0050","first-page":"181","article-title":"A new, low-cost protein-to-creatinine strip dipstick to improve proteinuria screening for preeclampsia, Pregnancy Hypertens","volume":"6","author":"Zwisler","year":"2016","journal-title":"An Int. J. Women\u2019s Cardiovasc. Heal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2008.03.021","article-title":"Evaluation of the Bayer microalbumin\/creatinine urinalysis dipstick","volume":"393","author":"Wilde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0060","unstructured":"H. Teeuw, H. Brown Amoakoh, J. Browne, K. Lindsley, C.A. Ellis, Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick tests for proteinuria in pregnant women suspected of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis., PROSPERO CRD42020177026. (2020). https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020177026 (accessed August 31, 2020)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19163","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies: The PRISMA-DTA Statement","volume":"319","author":"McInnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA - J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5468\/OGS.2013.56.1.8","article-title":"Random urine protein\/creatinine ratio readily predicts proteinuria in preeclampsia","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/941408","article-title":"Quantifying proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"2014","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30540-5","article-title":"Urinary Dipstick Proteinuria Testing: Does Automated Strip Analysis Offer an Advantage Over Visual Testing?","volume":"36","author":"De Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Canada."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"Quadas-2: A revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0090","year":"2014","journal-title":"Review Manager (RevMan)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0095","unstructured":"RStudio Team, RStudio: Integrated Development for R, (2019)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0100","unstructured":"A. Schwartz, Diagnostic Test Calculator (version 2010042101), (2002). http:\/\/araw.mede.uic.edu\/cgi-bin\/testcalc.pl (accessed May 18, 2020)."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610802196880","article-title":"Accuracy of urine dipsticks, 2-h and 12-h urine collections for protein measurement as compared with the 24-h collection","volume":"28","author":"Abebe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. (Lahore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-120028289","article-title":"A prospective study of the impact of automated dipstick urinalysis on the diagnosis of preeclampsia","volume":"23","author":"Phelan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00455.x","article-title":"Optimal bedside urinalysis for the detection of proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy: A study of diagnostic accuracy","volume":"112","author":"Waugh","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12148","article-title":"Problems in methods for the detection of significant proteinuria in pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0776-9","article-title":"Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio in pregnant women after dipstick testing: Prospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Baba","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00128.x","article-title":"The urine protein heat coagulation test - A useful screening test for proteinuria in pregnancy in developing countries: A method validation study","volume":"111","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.4","article-title":"Urinalysis vs urine protein-creatinine ratio to predict significant proteinuria in pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Dwyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-200059849","article-title":"The accuracy of urine dipsticks as a screening test for proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Gangaram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.03.010","article-title":"Accuracy of the spot urinary microalbumin:creatinine ratio and visual dipsticks in hypertensive pregnant women","volume":"144","author":"Gangaram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pog.2011.02.009","article-title":"Lorente Fern\u00e1ndez, Evaluaci\u00f3n del \u00edndice prote\u00edna-creatinina en orina aislada para la predicci\u00f3n de proteinuria significativa durante la gestaci\u00f3n","volume":"54","author":"Garc\u00eda de Guadiana Romualdo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progresos Obstet. y Ginecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01621.x","article-title":"Comparison of methods to identify significant proteinuria in pregnancy in the outpatient setting","volume":"115","author":"Kyle","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1258\/om.2008.080001","article-title":"A practical approach to using spot urine protein\/creatinine ratios for assessing proteinuria in pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Marnoch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(13)70294-1","article-title":"Urinary dipstick protein: A poor predictor of absent or severe proteinuria","volume":"170","author":"Meyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-017-1057-5","article-title":"Analysis of Proteinuria Estimation Methods in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Nipanal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. India"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-100106970","article-title":"Effect of concentration and biochemical assay on the accuracy of urine dipsticks in hypertensive pregnancies","volume":"20","author":"Waugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13327","article-title":"Effect of urine creatinine level during pregnancy on dipstick test","volume":"43","author":"Baba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"issue":"625","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0185","first-page":"e1","article-title":"The 24-hour urine collection: gold standard or historical practice?","volume":"199","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0190","article-title":"Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy","volume":"2018","author":"Abalos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0195","first-page":"21","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate in combination with nifedipine in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension, Pakistan","volume":"36","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0200","unstructured":"P. Bossuyt, C. Davenport, J. Deeks, C. Hyde, M. Leeflang, R. Scholten, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Chapter 11 Interpreting results and drawing conclusions, Version 0.9, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0205","article-title":"Proteinuria in pregnancy-Review","volume":"4","author":"O","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Women\u2019s Heal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 2019; 133: e1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb10940.x","article-title":"Improved methods of assessing proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy","volume":"104","author":"Saudan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.9.1.41","article-title":"Barriers in accessing maternal healthcare: Evidence from low-and middle-income countries","volume":"9","author":"McNamee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1032","article-title":"Multisite evaluation of a new dipstick for albumin, protein, and creatinine","volume":"15","author":"Wallace","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"issue":"10133","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30308-8","article-title":"Laboratory medicine in low-income and middle-income countries: progress and challenges","volume":"391","author":"Nkengasong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000914","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000914","article-title":"How to implement new diagnostic products in low-resource settings: an end-to-end framework","volume":"3","author":"Mugambi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Heal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-018-0248-0","article-title":"A prospective observational pilot study to test the feasibility of a smartphone enabled uChek\u00a9 urinalysis device to detect biomarkers in urine indicative of preeclampsia\/eclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Wirth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Technol. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0245","unstructured":"Shennan A, Gray AB. PLGF-WHAT WE KNOW . Action Pre-eclampsia Promot. safer pregnancy. 2020. https:\/\/action-on-pre-eclampsia.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/New_Tests_for_Pre-eclampsia.pdf (accessed Nov 28, 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015_b0250","article-title":"STARD 2015: An updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"351","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Pregnancy Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2210778921005651?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2210778921005651?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:57:08Z","timestamp":1761897428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2210778921005651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S2210778921005651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-7789"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-7789","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick tests for proteinuria in pregnant women suspected of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pregnancy Hypertension","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.12.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}