{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:26:59Z","timestamp":1793384819635,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1047271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1047271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1069979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1069979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001061","name":"Rebecca L. Cooper Medical Research Foundation, Bright Focus MDR.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T13:12:57Z","timestamp":1544620377000},"page":"85-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Immune cells in the retina and choroid: Two different tissue environments that require different defenses and surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Paul G.","family":"McMenamin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Saban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Dando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2769","article-title":"Perivascular macrophages mediate neutrophil recruitment during bacterial skin infection","volume":"15","author":"Abtin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2887","article-title":"Infiltrating monocytes trigger eae progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool","volume":"14","author":"Ajami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2014","article-title":"Local self-renewal can sustain cns microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life","volume":"10","author":"Ajami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012244","article-title":"Solar pruning of retinal rods in albino rainbow trout","volume":"14","author":"Allen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142290","article-title":"A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules","volume":"212","author":"Aspelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113","article-title":"New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human cns","volume":"113","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-308290","article-title":"Increased choroidal mast cells and their degranulation in age-related macular degeneration","author":"Bhutto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3710","article-title":"Microglial phagocytosis of live neurons","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00514","article-title":"Mast cells and innate lymphoid cells: underappreciated players in cns autoimmune demyelinating disease","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.06.012","article-title":"Genetic cell ablation reveals clusters of local self-renewing microglia in the mammalian central nervous system","volume":"43","author":"Bruttger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib10","first-page":"2195","article-title":"Resident and infiltrating immune cells in the uveal tract in the early and late stages of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis","volume":"37","author":"Butler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000115864","article-title":"Vascular and avascular retinae in mammals. A funduscopic and fluorescein angiographic study","volume":"35","author":"Buttery","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34608-4","article-title":"The evolution of retinal vascularization in mammals. A comparison of vascular and avascular retinae","volume":"89","author":"Chase","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22315","article-title":"Para-inflammation-mediated retinal recruitment of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells following whole-body irradiation is ccl2 dependent","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.165563","article-title":"Bruch's membrane and choroidal macrophages in early and advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"94","author":"Cherepanoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.010","article-title":"Accumulation of murine subretinal macrophages: effects of age, pigmentation and cx3cr1","volume":"33","author":"Chinnery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-1947-5","article-title":"Macrophage physiology in the eye","volume":"469","author":"Chinnery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181edbc1a","article-title":"Novel characterization of monocyte-derived cell populations in the meninges and choroid plexus and their rates of replenishment in bone marrow chimeric mice","volume":"69","author":"Chinnery","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.05.002","article-title":"Where are we? The anatomy of the murine cortical meninges revisited for intravital imaging, immunology, and clearance of waste from the brain","volume":"156","author":"Coles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180247","article-title":"Peripherally derived macrophages can engraft the brain independent of irradiation and maintain an identity distinct from microglia","volume":"215","author":"Cronk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23005","article-title":"A case of mistaken identity: Cd11c-eyfp(+) cells in the normal mouse brain parenchyma and neural retina display the phenotype of microglia, not dendritic cells","volume":"64","author":"Dando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440060408","article-title":"Determination of the origin and nature of brain macrophages and microglial cells in mouse central nervous system, using non-radioactive in situ hybridization and immunoperoxidase techniques","volume":"6","author":"de Groot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib22","first-page":"1024","article-title":"The microglia","author":"Del Rio-Hortega","year":"1939","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00751-w","article-title":"Foxp3(+) tregs are recruited to the retina to repair pathological angiogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Deliyanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903630106","article-title":"Development of microglial topography in human retina","volume":"363","author":"Diaz-Araya","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.9.834","article-title":"Flow cytometric identification of a minority population of mhc class ii positive cells in the normal rat retina distinct from cd45lowcd11b\/c+cd4low parenchymal microglia","volume":"79","author":"Dick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01252276","article-title":"Linear arrays of homogeneous mast cells in the dura mater of the rat","volume":"20","author":"Dimlich","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.040","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain","volume":"82","author":"Elmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(61)91795-0","article-title":"Electron microscopy of the human choroid. I. Cells and supporting structure","volume":"51","author":"Feeney","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.074088","article-title":"Selective transfer of exosomes from oligodendrocytes to microglia by macropinocytosis","volume":"124","author":"Fitzner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib30","series-title":"Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit, the Eye. Basic Sciences in Practice","first-page":"1","author":"Forrester","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.02.019","article-title":"Autoimmunity, autoinflammation, and infection in uveitis","volume":"189","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0070-8","article-title":"CNS infection and immune privilege","volume":"19","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib33","first-page":"64","article-title":"Localization and characterization of major histocompatibility complex class ii-positive cells in the posterior segment of the eye: implications for induction of autoimmune uveoretinitis","volume":"35","author":"Forrester","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00873.x","article-title":"Dendritic cell physiology and function in the eye","volume":"234","author":"Forrester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/81555","article-title":"Mutations in mertk, the human orthologue of the rcs rat retinal dystrophy gene, cause retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"26","author":"Gal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.07.025","article-title":"The mast cell-ige paradox: from homeostasis to anaphylaxis","volume":"186","author":"Galli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2109","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional plasticity of cells of innate immunity: macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils","volume":"12","author":"Galli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v31.i6.30","article-title":"Regulation of mast cell responses in health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Gilfillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","article-title":"Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.024","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib41","first-page":"557","article-title":"Characterization of the choroidal mast cell","volume":"85","author":"Godfrey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3423","article-title":"Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces","volume":"17","author":"Goldmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13989","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors","volume":"518","author":"Gomez Perdiguero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4222","article-title":"Microglial brain region-dependent diversity and selective regional sensitivities to aging","volume":"19","author":"Grabert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.11.6587","article-title":"The antigen-presenting activity of fresh, adult parenchymal microglia and perivascular cells from retina","volume":"172","author":"Gregerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002","article-title":"On phagocytes and macular degeneration","volume":"61","author":"Guillonneau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.013","article-title":"Knockout of ccr2 alleviates photoreceptor cell death in a model of retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"104","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(02)00332-9","article-title":"Activated microglia in human retinitis pigmentosa, late-onset retinal degeneration, and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"76","author":"Gupta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101621","article-title":"Local activation of dendritic cells alters the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease in the retina","volume":"188","author":"Heuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3276004","article-title":"Perivascular microglial cells of the cns are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vivo","volume":"239","author":"Hickey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.011","article-title":"C-myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"42","author":"Hoeffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.01.001","article-title":"Fetal monocytes and the origins of tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Hoeffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.97.1.253","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of a macrophage-specific antigen in developing mouse retina: phagocytosis of dying neurons and differentiation of microglial cells to form a regular array in the plexiform layers","volume":"97","author":"Hume","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5861","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.5861","article-title":"Accelerated antigen sampling and transport by airway mucosal dendritic cells following inhalation of a bacterial stimulus","volume":"177","author":"Jahnsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.11.004","article-title":"Retinal microglia: just bystander or target for therapy?","volume":"45","author":"Karlstetter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2620-14.2015","article-title":"Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (trem2) deficiency attenuates phagocytic activities of microglia and exacerbates ischemic damage in experimental stroke","volume":"35","author":"Kawabori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0953","article-title":"Retinal microglia and uveal tract dendritic cells and macrophages are not cx3cr1 dependent in their recruitment and distribution in the young mouse eye","volume":"49","author":"Kezic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068570","article-title":"The effects of cx3cr1 deficiency and irradiation on the homing of monocyte-derived cell populations in the mouse eye","volume":"8","author":"Kezic","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3318","article-title":"Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via pu.1- and irf8-dependent pathways","volume":"16","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11634-x","article-title":"Trem2 promotes abeta phagocytosis by upregulating c\/ebpalpha-dependent cd36 expression in microglia","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0408-3","article-title":"Expression pattern of ccr2 and cx3cr1 in inherited retinal degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Kohno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13522","article-title":"Vascular associations and dynamic process motility in perivascular myeloid cells of the mouse choroid: implications for function and senescent change","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3094-z","article-title":"Abundance of infiltrating cd163+ cells in the retina of postmortem eyes with dry and neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"253","author":"Lad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.3055","article-title":"Cd4 t cell-dependent autoimmunity against a melanocyte neoantigen induces spontaneous vitiligo and depends upon fas-fas ligand interactions","volume":"177","author":"Lambe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0207114","article-title":"Microglia activation in retinal degeneration","volume":"81","author":"Langmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)78056-0","article-title":"The mast cells in the uveal tract of the eye and changes induced by hormones and avitaminosis-c","volume":"47","author":"Larsen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2076","article-title":"Ex vivo dynamic imaging of retinal microglia using time-lapse confocal microscopy","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.022","article-title":"Dendritic cells are early responders to retinal injury","volume":"40","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4444","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3357","article-title":"Regulation of dynamic behavior of retinal microglia by cx3cr1 signaling","volume":"50","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22545","article-title":"Development and maintenance of the brain's immune toolkit: microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages","volume":"78","author":"Lopez-Atalaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","article-title":"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels","volume":"523","author":"Louveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16999","article-title":"Corrigendum: structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels","volume":"533","author":"Louveau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.032","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of mouse retinal mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"12","author":"Luckoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08702-7","article-title":"Monocyte infiltration and proliferation reestablish myeloid cell homeostasis in the mouse retina following retinal pigment epithelial cell injury","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy044","article-title":"Delineating the origins, developmental programs and homeostatic functions of tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Mass","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20049","article-title":"Distribution and quantification of choroidal macrophages in human eyes with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"57","author":"McLeod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.49","article-title":"The distribution of immune cells in the uveal tract of the normal eye","volume":"11","author":"McMenamin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.5.598","article-title":"Dendritic cells and macrophages in the uveal tract of the normal mouse eye","volume":"83","author":"McMenamin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990322)405:4<553::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Distribution and phenotype of dendritic cells and resident tissue macrophages in the dura mater, leptomeninges, and choroid plexus of the rat brain as demonstrated in wholemount preparations","volume":"405","author":"McMenamin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050303","article-title":"Subretinal macrophages in the developing eye of eutherian mammals and marsupials","volume":"200","author":"McMenamin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.119537","article-title":"The unique paired retinal vascular pattern in marsupials: structural, functional and evolutionary perspectives based on observations in a range of species","volume":"91","author":"McMenamin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092270213","article-title":"Cells resembling intraventricular macrophages are present in the subretinal space of human foetal eyes","volume":"227","author":"McMenamin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12035","article-title":"Mast cells are present in the choroid of the normal eye in most vertebrate classes","volume":"16","author":"McMenamin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3515","article-title":"Scavenger function of resident autofluorescent perivascular macrophages and their contribution to the maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier","volume":"50","author":"Mendes-Jorge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2015","article-title":"Microglia in the adult brain arise from ly-6chiccr2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions","volume":"10","author":"Mildner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417028-5.00003-X","article-title":"A close encounter of the third kind: monocyte-derived cells","volume":"120","author":"Mildner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.4.1699","article-title":"An association between susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis and choroidal mast cell numbers","volume":"133","author":"Mochizuki","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00214798","article-title":"Morphological studies on neuroglia. Vi. Postnatal development of microglial cells","volume":"225","author":"Murabe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4161\/intv.22823","article-title":"In vivo dynamics of innate immune sentinels in the cns","volume":"1","author":"Nayak","year":"2012","journal-title":"IntraVital"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110647","article-title":"Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo","volume":"308","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib91","first-page":"450","article-title":"Retinal damage by light in rats","volume":"5","author":"Noell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20636","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20636","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals that microglia and recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are definitively distinguishable by phenotype in the retina","volume":"6","author":"O'Koren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90179-3","article-title":"Human retinal microglia express phenotypic characteristics in common with dendritic antigen-presenting cells","volume":"45","author":"Penfold","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90215-5","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain","volume":"15","author":"Perry","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib95","first-page":"657","article-title":"Meningeal tertiary lymphoid tissues and multiple sclerosis: a gathering place for diverse types of immune cells during cns autoimmunity","volume":"6","author":"Pikor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib96","article-title":"Retinal microglia - a key player in healthy and diseased retina","author":"Rathnasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12181","article-title":"Dendritic cell-epithelial cell crosstalk in the gut","volume":"260","author":"Rescigno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.13","article-title":"New insights into mononuclear phagocyte biology from the visual system","volume":"17","author":"Reyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.04.003","article-title":"Advances in meningeal immunity","volume":"24","author":"Rua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.04.008","article-title":"New concepts in macrophage ontogeny in the adult neural retina","volume":"330","author":"Saban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22409","article-title":"Toll-like receptor activation reveals developmental reorganization and unmasks responder subsets of microglia","volume":"60","author":"Scheffel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6440","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15638","article-title":"Consensus statement on the immunohistochemical detection of ocular lymphatic vessels","volume":"55","author":"Schroedl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302692","article-title":"Ccr2(+) monocytes infiltrate atrophic lesions in age-related macular disease and mediate photoreceptor degeneration in experimental subretinal inflammation in cx3cr1 deficient mice","volume":"5","author":"Sennlaub","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23046","article-title":"The \u201cbig-bang\u201d for modern glial biology: translation and comments on pio del rio-hortega 1919 series of papers on microglia","volume":"64","author":"Sierra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(63)80005-6","article-title":"The distribution of mast cells in the normal eye. A method of study","volume":"2","author":"Smelser","year":"1963","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.3.211","article-title":"Distribution and characterisation of rat choroidal mast cells","volume":"78","author":"Steptoe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041611","article-title":"Clearance of apoptotic neurons without inflammation by microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2","volume":"201","author":"Takahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy041","article-title":"The role of immune cells in brain development and neurodevelopmental diseases","volume":"30","author":"Tanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2017.09.002","article-title":"A subpopulation of activated retinal macrophages selectively migrated to regions of cone photoreceptor stress, but had limited effect on cone death in a mouse model for type 2 leber congenital amaurosis","volume":"85","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91340-K","article-title":"Sick photoreceptors attract activated microglia from the ganglion cell layer: a model to study the inflammatory cascades in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy","volume":"588","author":"Thanos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.05.001","article-title":"Lymphatic markers in the human optic nerve","volume":"173","author":"Trost","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib112","first-page":"845","article-title":"The mononuclear phagocyte system: a new classification of macrophages, monocytes, and their precursor cells","volume":"46","author":"van Furth","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3209-8_42","article-title":"Microglia-muller cell interactions in the retina","volume":"801","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3575-15.2016","article-title":"Requirement for microglia for the maintenance of synaptic function and integrity in the mature retina","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2717-16.2017","article-title":"Tamoxifen provides structural and functional rescue in murine models of photoreceptor degeneration","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.06.001","article-title":"Para-inflammation in the aging retina","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20535","article-title":"Turnover of resident retinal microglia in the normal adult mouse","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0697","article-title":"Identification of novel dendritic cell populations in normal mouse retina","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20132477","article-title":"Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system","volume":"211","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Yona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.158162","article-title":"Runx1 is sufficient for blood cell formation from non-hemogenic endothelial cells in vivo only during early embryogenesis","volume":"145","author":"Yzaguirre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap8492","article-title":"Repopulating retinal microglia restore endogenous organization and function under cx3cl1-cx3cr1 regulation","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201505298","article-title":"Microglial phagocytosis of living photoreceptors contributes to inherited retinal degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1350946218300582?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1350946218300582?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T22:29:43Z","timestamp":1761172183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1350946218300582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["S1350946218300582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-9462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-9462","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immune cells in the retina and choroid: Two different tissue environments that require different defenses and surveillance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}