{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T18:24:16Z","timestamp":1794507856338,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":329,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001116","name":"Foundation Fighting Blindness Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CD-C-0918-0748-EEC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD-C-0918-0748-EEC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001116","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013726","name":"Abraham J. and Phyllis Katz Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I21RX001924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21RX001924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013726","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013726","name":"Abraham J. and Phyllis Katz Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01RX002806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01RX002806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013726","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY021592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY021592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00EY029010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00EY029010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY028859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY028859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM008490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM008490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY006360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY006360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32EY07092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32EY07092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY028450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY028450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T23:37:11Z","timestamp":1758065831000},"page":"101400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: clinical considerations, pathobiology, and causality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakshi","family":"Shiromani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"Vanderbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayantan","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preston E.","family":"Girardot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archeta","family":"Rajagopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Nickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Boatright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2218-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nieraj","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20201223-04","article-title":"New insights into pentosan polysulfate maculopathy","volume":"52","author":"Abou-Jaoude","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666060-00006","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate: a review of its use in the relief of bladder pain or discomfort in interstitial cystitis","volume":"66","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib3","first-page":"2594","article-title":"Association and prevalence of pentosan polysulfate sodium use with drug related maculopathy","volume":"64","author":"Arias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib4","article-title":"Efficacy of pentosan polysulfate treatment in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Ar\u0131kan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bladder San Franc. Calif"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.04.002","article-title":"Ocular toxicity associated with pentosan polysulfate sodium","volume":"96","author":"Astafurov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15303","article-title":"Risk of maculopathy with pentosan polysulfate sodium use","volume":"88","author":"Bae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.05.008","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy versus inherited macular dystrophies: comparative assessment with multimodal imaging","volume":"4","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001090","article-title":"Potential new-onset clinically detectable pentosan polysulfate maculopathy years after drug cessation","volume":"16","author":"Barnett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1301-3","article-title":"Myofascial pain and pelvic floor dysfunction in patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"22","author":"Bassaly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecology J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2021.02.017","article-title":"Mitochondrial retinopathy","volume":"6","author":"Birtel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.4.27","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging of human retinal pigment epithelium in pentosan polysulfate toxicity using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy","volume":"65","author":"Bowles Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003980","article-title":"LIGHTSITE III: 13-month efficacy and safety evaluation of multiwavelength photobiomodulation in nonexudative (Dry) age-related macular degeneration using the lumithera valeda light delivery system","volume":"44","author":"Boyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retina Phila. Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.02.006","article-title":"Histology and clinical lifecycle of acquired vitelliform lesion, a pathway to advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"240","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib14","article-title":"FDA approves first injectable pentosan for osteoarthritis in horses","year":"2024","journal-title":"FDA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.007","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy versus age-related macular degeneration: comparative assessment with multimodal imaging","volume":"57","author":"Christiansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6511","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7909","article-title":"Mapping the differential distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the adult human retina, choroid, and sclera","volume":"52","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002756","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"208","author":"Clemens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.11.084","article-title":"Prevalence of painful bladder symptoms and effect on quality of life in black, Hispanic and white men and women","author":"Clemens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib19","first-page":"405","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of retinal pigment epithelium reveals potential injury mechanisms associated with pentosan polysulfate treatment","volume":"64","author":"Correa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib20","first-page":"1063","article-title":"New drugs to prevent recurrence of renal stone disease","volume":"ume I","author":"Danielson","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001013","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium-induced pigmentary maculopathy with nonleaking cystoid macular edema successfully treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy","volume":"16","author":"De Larochelli\u00e8re","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib22","first-page":"168","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium maculopathy: a big data study of patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"62","author":"Desjarlais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264231190978","article-title":"Incidence and risk of retinopathy in patients with and without interstitial cystitis and pentosan polysulfate sodium use","volume":"7","author":"Desjarlais","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vitreoretin. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.03.016","article-title":"Redefining the spectrum of pentosan polysulfate retinopathy: multimodal imaging findings from a cross-sectional screening study","volume":"6","author":"Dieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i33.6016","article-title":"Dextran sodium sulfate colitis murine model: an indispensable tool for advancing our understanding of inflammatory bowel diseases pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Eichele","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3850-9","article-title":"Chronic use of pentosan polysulfate sodium associated with risk of vision-threatening disease","volume":"30","author":"Ferguson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecology J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.01.123","article-title":"Randomized multicenter clinical trial of myofascial physical therapy in women with interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome and pelvic floor tenderness","volume":"187","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.07.015","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium-associated maculopathy: early detection using OCT angiography and choriocapillaris flow deficit analysis","volume":"244","author":"Fogel Levin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib29","first-page":"11867","article-title":"Re: review - proctor JG. Pentosan polysulfate and a pigmentary maculopathy: causation versus correlation?","volume":"31","author":"Foote","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313679","article-title":"Swept source optical coherence tomography angiography in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: correlation with morphological and functional tests","volume":"105","author":"Forte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib31","first-page":"178","article-title":"Experiments with thrombocid in the treatment of thrombosis","volume":"5","author":"Friedrich","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arztliche Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)43242-3","article-title":"Treatment of ulcer and nonulcer interstitial cystitis with sodium pentosanpolysulfate: a multicenter trial","volume":"138","author":"Fritjofsson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2291","article-title":"Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"141","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2005.12.012","article-title":"Effects of pentosan polysulfate in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Ghosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.2.28","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium causes diminished function and subtle morphological changes in retina and RPE of mice","volume":"65","author":"Girardot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib36","series-title":"Fondaparinux Approved Label","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.12.037","article-title":"Re: pearce et al.: Pigmentary maculopathy associated with chronic exposure to pentosan polysulfate sodium (Ophthalmology. 2018;125:1793-1802)","volume":"126","author":"Greenlee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001242","article-title":"Visual and anatomical changes after drug cessation in pentosan polysulfate sodium-associated maculopathy","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.10.013","article-title":"A novel multimethod image analysis to quantify pentosan polysulfate sodium retinal toxicity","volume":"127","author":"Hadad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.12.004","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: final outcomes from a 4-Year prospective study of disease progression after drug cessation","volume":"271","author":"Hall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123559","article-title":"Advances in fucoidan and fucoidan oligosaccharides: current status, future prospects, and biological applications","volume":"358","author":"Hamouda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.3392","article-title":"Phenotypic spectrum of pentosan polysulfate sodium-associated maculopathy: a multicenter study","volume":"137","author":"Hanif","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.04.024","article-title":"Strength of association between pentosan polysulfate and a novel maculopathy","volume":"126","author":"Hanif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000262","article-title":"Pattern dystrophy: an imprecise diagnosis in the age of precision medicine","volume":"59","author":"Hanif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01520-9","article-title":"Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"402","author":"Heier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8866961","article-title":"Identification of patients with pentosan polysulfate sodium-associated maculopathy through screening of the electronic medical record at an academic center","volume":"2020","author":"Higgins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib47","first-page":"295","article-title":"The environment and disease: association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)43241-1","article-title":"A prospective double-blind clinically controlled multicenter trial of sodium pentosanpolysulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis and related painful bladder disease","volume":"138","author":"Holm-Bentzen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2023.01.019","article-title":"Characterization of pentosan polysulfate patients for development of an alert and screening system for ophthalmic monitoring","volume":"59","author":"Hom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol. J. Can. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20191009-10","article-title":"Progressive maculopathy after discontinuation of pentosan polysulfate sodium","volume":"50","author":"Huckfeldt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib51","article-title":"Investigating the pathophysiology of pentosan polysulfate sodium toxicity using human iPSC-RPE","volume":"66","author":"Huffman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib52","series-title":"Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, the Kolling Institute","author":"Hunter","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00110-6","article-title":"Efficacy of pentosan polysulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Hwang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.02.017","article-title":"Structure and function of the interphotoreceptor matrix surrounding retinal photoreceptor cells","volume":"133","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res. Ocular Extracellular Matrix: Role Develop. Homeostasis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314765","article-title":"Association of macular disease with long-term use of pentosan polysulfate sodium: findings from a US cohort","volume":"104","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2021.07.004","article-title":"Expanded clinical spectrum of pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: a macula society collaborative study","volume":"6","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.6093","article-title":"Two-year outcomes after variable duration of drug cessation in patients with maculopathy associated with pentosan polysulfate use","volume":"141","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib59","article-title":"Colopathy associated with pentosan polysulfate use","volume":"16\u20132025","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib60","author":"Jung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003844","article-title":"Refining the retinal phenotype of patients with suspected pentosan polysulfate sodium retinopathy","volume":"43","author":"Kalaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina Phila. Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003794","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium (ELMIRON) maculopathy: a genetic perspective","volume":"43","author":"Kalaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina Phila. Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib63","article-title":"An unusual case of rapid resolution of bilateral vitelliform deposits after discontinuation of pentosan polysulfate sodium","volume":"32","author":"Kalaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S285013","article-title":"Maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate use: a single-center experience","volume":"15","author":"Kalbag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol. Auckl. NZ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib65","article-title":"Oral antioxidant and Lutein\/Zeaxanthin supplements slow geographic atrophy progression to the fovea in age-related macular degeneration","author":"Keenan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175090","article-title":"Real-world practices of pentosan polysulfate maculopathy screening in various clinical settings and practice-associated factors","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.10.005","article-title":"Nationwide usage of pentosan polysulfate and practice patterns of pentosan polysulfate maculopathy screening in South Korea","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.07.027","article-title":"Association between pentosan polysulfate and subsequent maculopathy: insights from a nationwide population-based study in Korea","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.040","article-title":"Comparison of an interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome clinical cohort with symptomatic community women from the RAND interstitial cystitis epidemiology study","volume":"187","author":"Konkle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib70","article-title":"Screening practices and risk assessment for maculopathy in pentosan polysulfate users across different exposure levels","volume":"14","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604205","article-title":"Phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium: Recognition, resolution, recycling","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.240295","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium and maculopathy in patients with interstitial cystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib73","first-page":"1770","article-title":"Inhibition of growth factor effects in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"32","author":"Leschey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4809","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S340041","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium-associated pigmentary retinopathy: risk factors and fundus findings","volume":"15","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol. Auckl. NZ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.08.074","article-title":"Mapping of low molecular weight heparins using reversed phase ion pair liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib76","article-title":"Maculopathy after long-term use of fondaparinux, a heparin mimetic and heparanase inhibitor","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.05.005","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy","volume":"67","author":"Lindeke-Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2023.100343","article-title":"The effect of pentosan polysulfate sodium for improving dyslipidaemia and knee pain in people with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1817323","article-title":"Erdafitinib in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma","volume":"381","author":"Loriot","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.10.036","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium exposure and drug-induced maculopathy in commercially insured patients in the United States","volume":"127","author":"Ludwig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.annonc.a010797","article-title":"A phase I study of pentosan polysulfate sodium in patients with advanced malignancies","volume":"7","author":"Lush","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.33","article-title":"Visual function in pentosan polysulfate sodium maculopathy","volume":"61","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14399","article-title":"Guideline of guidelines: bladder pain syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Malde","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.1099","article-title":"Effect of disease stage on progression of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy","volume":"132","author":"Marmor","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.058","article-title":"Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision)","volume":"123","author":"Marmor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.4778","article-title":"Association between pentosan polysulfate sodium and retinal disorders","volume":"140","author":"McGwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.69.1.63","article-title":"Retinal pathology in the Kearns-Sayre syndrome","volume":"69","author":"McKechnie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.08.006","article-title":"Choroidal neovascularization associated with pentosan polysulfate toxicity","volume":"4","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.08.009","article-title":"Microperimetry findings in pentosan polysulfate maculopathy","volume":"7","author":"Most","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000504","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration masquerade: a review of pentosan polysulfate maculopathy and implications for clinical practice","volume":"11","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(90)80116-5","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium for therapy of interstitial cystitis. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"35","author":"Mulholland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib93","first-page":"7","article-title":"NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of elmiron (Cas No. 37319-17-8) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Gavage Studies)","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natl. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.10.071","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of pentosan polysulfate sodium for interstitial cystitis","volume":"65","author":"Nickel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01078-0","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of up to 900 mg\/day polysulfate sodium (elmiron) in patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"57","author":"Nickel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000159198.83103.01","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium therapy for men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled study","volume":"173","author":"Nickel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.036","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium for treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: insights from a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"193","author":"Nickel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.11.013","article-title":"Retinopathy in mucopolysaccharidoses","volume":"132","author":"Noor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib100","first-page":"2996","article-title":"Effects of pentosan polysulfate sodium on retinal cells viability and RPE regeneration in vitro","volume":"64","author":"Ntentakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01796.x","article-title":"Preferential localization of 3H-pentosanpolysulphate to the urinary tract in rats","volume":"61","author":"Odlind","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264211020259","article-title":"Characteristics of pentosan polysulfate sodium\u2013associated maculopathy and similarities with other maculopathies commonly managed in a retina practice","volume":"6","author":"Ohning","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vitreoretin. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2019.1653935","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence in maternally inherited diabetes and deafness: the Gold standard for monitoring maculopathy?","volume":"44","author":"Ovens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001440","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy-associated cystoid macular edema responsive to intravitreal steroids","volume":"18","author":"Pant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib106","series-title":"A Phase 3, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multi-Centre Study to Evaluate the Treatment Effect of Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium Compared to Placebo in Participants with Knee Osteoarthritis Pain (Clinical Trial Registration No. NCT06917404)","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib107","year":"2024","journal-title":"clinicaltrials.gov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.03.084","article-title":"The role of the urinary epithelium in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis\/prostatitis\/urethritis","volume":"69","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35629-X","article-title":"A quantitatively controlled method to study prospectively interstitial cystitis and demonstrate the efficacy of pentosanpolysulfate","volume":"150","author":"Parsons","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)50948-9","article-title":"Successful treatment of interstitial cystitis with sodium pentosanpolysulfate","volume":"130","author":"Parsons","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib111","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Epidemiologic issues in interstitial cystitis. Urology, interstitial cystitis as a disease: a new paradigm","volume":"69","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib112","first-page":"1065","article-title":"The association between pentosan polysulfate sodium exposure and drug-induced maculopathy","volume":"61","author":"Pasricha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-2036","article-title":"FDA approval summary: pemigatinib for previously treated, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusion or other rearrangement","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4364-2","article-title":"Etiology, pathophysiology and biomarkers of interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"295","author":"Patnaik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.12.038","article-title":"Reply","volume":"126","author":"Pearce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.026","article-title":"Pigmentary maculopathy associated with chronic exposure to pentosan polysulfate sodium","volume":"125","author":"Pearce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2022.2031227","article-title":"Prevalence and dose dependency analysis of pentosan polysulfate sodium maculopathy","volume":"30","author":"Philip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1051","article-title":"Permeability of retinal pigment epithelium: effects of permeant molecular weight and lipophilicity","volume":"46","author":"Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib119","series-title":"ELMIRON","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51913","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: a brief primer for general practitioners, ophthalmologists, optometrists and urologists","volume":"218","author":"Priluck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib121","first-page":"5193","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: a comparison between PPS exposure group and non-exposure group","volume":"64","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1039\/b100916h","article-title":"Heparin and heparan sulfate: structure and function","volume":"19","author":"Rabenstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.70.10.782","article-title":"Histopathology of mitochondrial cytopathy and the laurence-moon-biedl syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Runge","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.12.003","article-title":"A path to the development of screening guidelines for pentosan maculopathy","volume":"55","author":"Sadda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol. J. Can. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000083020.06212.3d","article-title":"A pilot clinical trial of oral pentosan polysulfate and oral hydroxyzine in patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"170","author":"Sant","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib126","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium maculopathy: final analysis of a prospective cohort, updated review, and association with inflammatory bowel disease","author":"Santina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001276","article-title":"NINE-YEAR progression of pentosan maculopathy with multimodal retinal imaging","volume":"17","author":"Santina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90034-X","article-title":"Development and degeneration of retina in rds mutant mice: altered disc shedding pattern in the Albino heterozygotes and its relation to light exposure","volume":"28","author":"Sanyal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib129","first-page":"2431","article-title":"HSulf sulfatases catalyze processive and oriented 6-O-desulfation of heparan sulfate that differentially regulates fibroblast growth factor activity","volume":"27","author":"Seffouh","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.2349","article-title":"Disease course in patients with pentosan polysulfate sodium\u2013associated maculopathy after drug cessation","volume":"138","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2024.04.004","article-title":"Patient knowledge of pentosan polysulphate maculopathy in Alberta: a population-wide survey-based study","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib132","author":"Shiromani"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2024.105739","article-title":"New therapeutic strategies in osteoarthritis","volume":"91","author":"Siddiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.5329","article-title":"Risk factors and disease course for blood-brain barrier disruption-associated maculopathy","volume":"139","author":"Simonett","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2022.0007","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate, a semisynthetic heparinoid disease-modifying osteoarthritic drug with roles in intervertebral disc repair biology emulating the stem cell instructive and tissue reparative properties of heparan sulfate","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001273","article-title":"Rapid pentosan polysulfate sodium maculopathy progression","volume":"17","author":"Somisetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.05.021","article-title":"Progression of pentosan polysulfate sodium maculopathy in a prospective cohort","volume":"255","author":"Somisetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264221136907","article-title":"Cystoid macular edema arising 10 years after cessation of pentosan polysulfate sodium successfully treated with bevacizumab","volume":"7","author":"Szelog","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vitreoretin. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib139","first-page":"S21","article-title":"The role of pentosan polysulfate in treatment approaches for interstitial cystitis","volume":"4","author":"Teichman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95046-4_31","article-title":"Mitochondrial disorder: maternally inherited diabetes and deafness","volume":"1085","author":"Tsang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003078","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate and VISION: findings from an international survey of exposed individuals","volume":"41","author":"Uner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina Phila. Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1862239","article-title":"Heparanase deficiency is associated with disruption, detachment, and folding of the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"46","author":"Van Bergen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.004","article-title":"Re: ludwig et al.: pentosan polysulfate sodium exposure and drug-induced maculopathy in commercially insured patients in the United States (Ophthalmology. 2020;127:535-543)","volume":"127","author":"VanderBeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.017","article-title":"Prevalence of maculopathy associated with long-term pentosan polysulfate therapy","volume":"127","author":"Vora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib145","article-title":"A case of pentosan polysulfate maculopathy originally diagnosed as Stargardt disease","volume":"17","author":"Vora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.12.001","article-title":"Pentosan-associated maculopathy: prevalence, screening guidelines, and spectrum of findings based on prospective multimodal analysis","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.02.025","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: prevalence, spectrum of disease, and choroidal imaging analysis based on prospective screening","volume":"227","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000510507","article-title":"Growth rate of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis of natural history studies and implications for designing future trials","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.048","article-title":"Large subfoveal vitelliform lesions in a case of pentosan polysulfate maculopathy","volume":"127","author":"Wannamaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2025.0214","article-title":"Presumed pentosan polysulfate maculopathy with limited drug exposure","author":"Yousif","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib151","article-title":"Retrospective study of incidence\/prevalence of pigmentary maculopathy and retinopathy in patients receiving pentosan polysulfate sodium","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/84.22.1716","article-title":"Inhibition by pentosan polysulfate (PPS) of heparin-binding growth factors released from tumor cells and blockage by PPS of tumor growth in animals","volume":"84","author":"Zugmaier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."}],"container-title":["Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1350946225000734?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1350946225000734?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T08:31:08Z","timestamp":1773131468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1350946225000734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":148,"alternative-id":["S1350946225000734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-9462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-9462","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy: clinical considerations, pathobiology, and causality","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101400","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101400"}}