{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:51:37Z","timestamp":1790833897751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":400,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15GRNT22700039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15GRNT22700039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HL130970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL130970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15ES021896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15ES021896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL007736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL007736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prostaglandins &amp; Other Lipid Mediators"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T14:17:40Z","timestamp":1502288260000},"page":"131-140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve endothelial function in humans at risk for atherosclerosis: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Kayla R.","family":"Zehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12468-3","article-title":"Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Thies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-7-199904060-00003","article-title":"The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"130","author":"von Schacky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-200-43413","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial","volume":"200","author":"Dolecek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704103361502","article-title":"Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction","volume":"336","author":"Daviglus","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0025","first-page":"183","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: cardiovascular risk factors, therapy, and outcome","volume":"1","author":"Hadi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S314","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S330","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction as a target for prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"32","author":"Versari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00277.x","article-title":"Flow-mediated dilatation","volume":"50","author":"Raitakari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.11.044","article-title":"Prognostic role of flow-mediated dilation and cardiac risk factors in post-menopausal women","volume":"51","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.01.021","article-title":"Long-term association of brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation and cardiovascular events in middle-aged subjects with no apparent heart disease","volume":"134","author":"Shechter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.073","article-title":"Is the association between flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular risk limited to low-risk populations?","volume":"45","author":"Witte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01976-9","article-title":"Prognostic role of reversible endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive postmenopausal women","volume":"40","author":"Modena","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.13.10.1515","article-title":"Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Modulation of macrophage secretory activities","volume":"13","author":"Renier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1505S","article-title":"n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases","volume":"83","author":"Calder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0070","first-page":"300","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction","volume":"156","author":"Wiest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00548-3","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"35","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.10.081","article-title":"Effects of Omega-3 fatty acids on endothelial function, arterial wall properties, inflammatory and fibrinolytic status in smokers: a cross over study","volume":"166","author":"Siasos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000094","article-title":"An omega-3 epoxide of docosahexaenoic acid lowers blood pressure in angiotensin-II-dependent hypertension","volume":"64","author":"Ulu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4816","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221997110","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids lower blood pressure by directly activating large-conductance Ca(2)(+)-dependent K(+) channels","volume":"110","author":"Hoshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu024","article-title":"Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-006-5079-5","article-title":"Positive association between plasma antioxidant capacity and n-3 PUFA in red blood cells from women","volume":"41","author":"Thorlaksdottir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0105","first-page":"2010","article-title":"Assessing endothelial vasodilator function with the Endo-PAT","author":"Axtell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.11.1264","article-title":"Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight men","volume":"102","author":"Mori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200211000-00003","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid improves endothelial function in hypertriglyceridemic subjects despite increased lipid oxidizability","volume":"324","author":"Okumura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000124477.91474.FF","article-title":"A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"109","author":"Ros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP42672","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY study","volume":"42","author":"Engler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S4001","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids plus rosuvastatin improves endothelial function in South Asians with dyslipidemia","volume":"4","author":"Mindrescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2010.10719898","article-title":"Effects of diets high in walnuts and flax oil on hemodynamic responses to stress and vascular endothelial function","volume":"29","author":"West","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.003871","article-title":"Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"93","author":"Skulas-Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.018","article-title":"Significant differential effects of omega-3 fatty acids and fenofibrate in patients with hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"220","author":"Koh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754181","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/754181","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic Acid supplementation changes Fatty Acid composition and corrects endothelial dysfunction in hyperlipidemic patients","volume":"2012","author":"Yamakawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.075","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid therapy dose-dependently and significantly decreased triglycerides and improved flow-mediated dilation, however, did not significantly improve insulin sensitivity in patients with hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"176","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2016.10.004","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with hypertriglyceridemia and high cardiovascular risk","volume":"11","author":"Casanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00399090","article-title":"Dietary fish oil augments nitric oxide production or release in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"McVeigh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(02)00307-6","article-title":"Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"166","author":"Woodman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02869.x","article-title":"Fish-oil supplement has neutral effects on vascular and metabolic function but improves renal function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28374","article-title":"Effects of n-3 fatty acids on macro- and microvascular function in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"91","author":"Stirban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000107","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000107","article-title":"Effects of krill oil on endothelial function and other cardiovascular risk factors in participants with type 2 diabetes, a randomized controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Lobraico","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabet. Res. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302924","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on endothelial function, endogenous fibrinolysis and platelet activation in male cigarette smokers","volume":"99","author":"Din","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1267","article-title":"Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"85","author":"Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.046","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves vascular function and reduces inflammation in obese adolescents","volume":"212","author":"Dangardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.014","article-title":"Omega-3 PUFAs improved endothelial function and arterial stiffness with a parallel antiinflammatory effect in adults with metabolic syndrome","volume":"232","author":"Tousoulis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.11.2991","article-title":"Dietary alpha-linolenic acid reduces inflammatory and lipid cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men and women","volume":"134","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01318-3","article-title":"Mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia in young men is associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine","volume":"38","author":"Lundman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-74-1-1","article-title":"Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study","volume":"74","author":"Kannel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2014.07.007","article-title":"National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1 \u2212 executive summary","volume":"8","author":"Jacobson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94","article-title":"Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"106","author":"Kris-Etherton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.038","article-title":"Vascular and metabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids combined with fenofibrate in patients with hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"221","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"2014","key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0240","first-page":"2889","article-title":"ACC\/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90305-0","article-title":"Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women","volume":"24","author":"Celermajer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.01.002","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated dilation, but impaired glucose metabolism is not; the hoorn study","volume":"174","author":"Henry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290450033020","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study","volume":"241","author":"Kannel","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000184769.22061.da","article-title":"A comparison of three different methods to evaluate endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the elderly: the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study","volume":"25","author":"Lind","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160812","article-title":"Relation of brachial and digital measures of vascular function in the community: the Framingham heart study","volume":"57","author":"Hamburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2010.07.003","article-title":"Effects of chronic cigarette smoking on endothelial function in young men","volume":"56","author":"Ozaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(93)90070-K","article-title":"The health risks of smoking. The Framingham Study: 34 years of follow-up","volume":"3","author":"Freund","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.5.2149","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults","volume":"88","author":"Celermajer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0285","first-page":"176","article-title":"Determination of endothelial function and early atherosclerotic changes in healthy obese women","volume":"16","author":"Oflaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1381\/0960892054621134","article-title":"Endothelial function and weight loss in obese humans","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.67.5.968","article-title":"Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"67","author":"Hubert","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.385","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and 11-year risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"28","author":"McNeill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304591","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus present generalized vascular dysfunction: cross-sectional study","volume":"35","author":"Walther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0310","first-page":"164","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Ander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)02351-6","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) induces Ca(2+)-independent activation and translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation","volume":"487","author":"Omura","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248408322470","article-title":"Effects of dietary decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on eNOS in human coronary artery endothelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Stebbins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.219535","article-title":"Role of CYP1A1 in modulating the vascular and blood pressure benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"351","author":"Agbor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704768","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid potentiates interleukin-1beta induction of nitric oxide synthase through mechanism involving p44\/42 MAPK activation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"136","author":"Hirafuji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.92.308","article-title":"Cardiovascular protective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with special emphasis on docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"92","author":"Hirafuji","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-014-0101-3","article-title":"N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease levels of doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes \u2212 involvement of uncoupling protein UCP2","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152216","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152216","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids on protecting ambient PM2.5-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Bo","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.07.012","article-title":"Treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reverses endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in experimental menopause","volume":"24","author":"Gortan Cappellari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.14.11.1829","article-title":"The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate reduces cytokine-induced expression of proatherogenic and proinflammatory proteins in human endothelial cells","volume":"14","author":"De Caterina","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400687","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid suppress adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells via differential mechanisms","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212800165960","article-title":"Long chain N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of allergic and cardiovascular disease","volume":"18","author":"van den Elsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.025924","article-title":"Effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on plasma soluble adhesion molecules: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29268","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v60.29268","article-title":"Effect of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and\/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Ellulu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1526S","article-title":"n-3 fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits","volume":"83","author":"Gebauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Prostaglandins &amp; Other Lipid Mediators"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1098882317300485?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1098882317300485?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T02:00:32Z","timestamp":1761098432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1098882317300485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S1098882317300485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-8823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-8823","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve endothelial function in humans at risk for atherosclerosis: A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}