{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:13:26Z","timestamp":1793193206655,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathology - Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T23:21:19Z","timestamp":1600384879000},"page":"153222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["COVID-2019 \u2013 A comprehensive pathology insight"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Chandrakumar","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rafi","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swarupa","family":"Ravuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5867-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishwas","family":"Luthra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narasimhamurthy","family":"Rajagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saritha","family":"Karre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"395","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0010","series-title":"Features, Evaluation and Treatment of Corona Virus (COVID-19) Statpearls NCBI- Bookshelf 6 April","author":"Cascella","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0015","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/commentaries\/detail\/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations."},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0020","article-title":"Likelihood of survival of Corona virus disease 2019","volume":"30","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m641","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m641","article-title":"Coronavirus: covid-19 has killed more people than SARS and MERS combined, despite lower case fatality rate","volume":"368","author":"Mahase","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0030","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0035","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-Accessed 11 March 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0040","unstructured":"]https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/Accessed 24 May 2020."},{"issue":"January 13","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"January 4","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0050","article-title":"Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020","volume":"25","author":"Riou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"February","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0055","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: estimating the epidemic potential and effectiveness of public health countermeasures","author":"Rockl\u00f6v","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does SARS-CoV-2 has a longer incubation period than SARS and MERS?","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"November 6","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181633.80269.4c","article-title":"Dynamically modeling SARS and other newly emerging respiratory illnesses: past, present and future","volume":"16","author":"Bauch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086616","article-title":"Transmission dynamics and control of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"300","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0075","series-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report \u2013 48","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and pre- vention","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"141","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-9-200411020-00006","article-title":"The epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the 2003 Hong Kong epidemic: an analysis of all 1755 patients","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0090","article-title":"A comparative epidemiologicanalysis of SARS in Hong Kong, Beijing and Taiwan","volume":"10","author":"Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70204-4","article-title":"Epidemiological, demo- graphic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respira- tory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study","volume":"13","author":"Assiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468","article-title":"Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany","volume":"382","author":"Rothe","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m325","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m325","article-title":"China coronavirus: mild but infectious cases may make it hard to control outbreak, report warns","volume":"368","author":"Mahase","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e86","article-title":"Viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in first two patients in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030666","article-title":"A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong","volume":"348","author":"Tsang","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030634","article-title":"Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada","volume":"348","author":"Poutanen","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"March 10226","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0130","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105832","article-title":"How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?","volume":"142","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/0308518X20910162","article-title":"Visualising the expansion and spread of coronavirus disease 2019 by cartograms","volume":"52","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Plann. A: Econ. Space"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002660","article-title":"Coronavirus infections in children including COVID-19. An overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention options in children","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0150","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 infection and circulating ACE2 levels: protective role in women and children","volume":"8","author":"Ciaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China [Published online February 7, 2020]","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geriatric Syndromes and SARS-COV-2: More than Just Being Old","volume":"14","author":"Aprahamian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0165","article-title":"China medical treatment expert group for COVID-19. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China [Published online February 28, 2020]","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"March 12","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0170","first-page":"1450","article-title":"ABO blood group and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"293","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0175","article-title":"Relationship between the ABO blood group and the COVID-19 susceptibility","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060401","article-title":"Review of bats and SARS","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"7477","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12711","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS\u2010like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor","volume":"503","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"April 4","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681","article-title":"Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.24.20503-en","article-title":"Transmission scenarios for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS\u2010CoV) and how to tell them apart","volume":"18","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0205","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/technical-guidance\/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it."},{"issue":"February 7798","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"February 10224","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"\"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"19 March 7","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.03.022","article-title":"Probable pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"26 February 7797","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0225","first-page":"18","article-title":"Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus\"","volume":"579","author":"Cyranoski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0230","series-title":"Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins","author":"Xiao","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0235","series-title":"Evidence of Recombination in Coronaviruses Implicating Pangolin Origins of nCoV-2019","author":"Wong","year":"2020"},{"issue":"February","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0240","article-title":"The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade","volume":"176","author":"Coutard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5927","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02501-05","article-title":"Ultrastructure and origin of membrane vesicles associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication complex","volume":"80","author":"Snijder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00524-13","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural proteins 3, 4, and 6 induce double\u2010membrane vesicles","volume":"4","author":"Angelini","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(06)66005-3","article-title":"The molecular biology of coronaviruses","volume":"66","author":"Masters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-4-853","article-title":"Virus\u2010encoded proteinases and proteolytic processing in the Nidovirales","volume":"81","author":"Ziebuhr","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0270","series-title":"Potent Binding of Novel Coronavirus 2019 Spike Protein by a SARS Coronavirus-specific Human Monoclonal Antibody","author":"Tian","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.152","article-title":"Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoVspike glycoprotein reveal a prerequisite conformational state for receptorbinding","volume":"27","author":"Gui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0280","series-title":"The Insert Sequence in SARS-CoV-2 Enhances Spike Protein Cleavage by TMPRSS","author":"Meng","year":"2020"},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0285","first-page":"18","article-title":"Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68782","article-title":"Type 2 alveolar cells are stem cells in adult lung","volume":"123","author":"Barkauskas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005338","article-title":"Type I interferon induced epigenetic regulation of macrophages suppresses innate and adaptive immunity in acute respiratory viral infection","volume":"11","author":"Kroetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam6603","article-title":"Single-cell Wnt signaling niches maintain stemness of alveolar type 2 cells","volume":"359","author":"Nabhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433","article-title":"The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak","volume":"109","author":"Rothan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0310","author":"Hanley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.010","article-title":"Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0536-x","article-title":"Pathological study of the 2019 novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome -case report","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0330","article-title":"A report on the general observation of the necropsy of a newly developed corona virus pneumonia","author":"Liu Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fa YiXue Za Zhi."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1440","article-title":"The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China","volume":"200","author":"Ding","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"issue":"April 186","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0340","first-page":"652","article-title":"Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings of a fatal case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"2016","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0345","series-title":"Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19)","author":"Luo","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06057-8","article-title":"Time to consider histologic pattern of lung injury to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection","author":"Copin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30121-1","article-title":"Why the immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia are distinct from macrophage activation syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulation","author":"McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0360","article-title":"Clinical and pathological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19): a systematic review","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0365","article-title":"Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures [Epub ahead of print]","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"395","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0375","series-title":"Gastrointestinal Symptoms of 95 Cases With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Gut Published Online First: 02 April","author":"Lin","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0380","author":"Basu-Ray"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0385","first-page":"e7889","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: a neurological perspective","volume":"12","author":"Lahiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0390","article-title":"Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30109-5","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence?","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0400","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0405","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations in COVID\u201019: a first perspective","author":"Recalcati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0410","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in Shenzhen China: analysis of 391 cases and 1,286 of their close contacts","author":"Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0415","first-page":"E008","article-title":"[Clinical and epidemiological character- istics of 34 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Shenzhen]","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"March 16","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0420","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2020-0123","article-title":"COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease: novel virus and novel case","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hosp. Pediatr."},{"issue":"395","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0435","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of chest radiographic findings in COVID-19 positive patients","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200280","article-title":"CT manifestations of two cases of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200642","article-title":"Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases","author":"Ai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0450","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-nCoV\/hcp\/clinical-criteria.html.8may2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection of 2019novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR","volume":"25","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"issue":"april","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0460","article-title":"Diagnostic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2013Related Coronavirus-2","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3786","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0470","article-title":"Evaluating the accuracy of different respiratory specimens in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1745095","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections \u2013 the state of the art","volume":"9","author":"Loeffelholz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0485","article-title":"Evaluation of a quantitative RT-PCR assay for the detection of the emerging coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 using a high throughput system","volume":"25","author":"Pfefferle1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"issue":"March 21","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0490","first-page":"ciaa310","article-title":"Profiling early humoral response to diagnose Novel coronavirusdisease(COVID-19)","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0495","series-title":"Laboratory Biosafety Manual","first-page":"186","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"issue":"February 2","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.2.539-542.1998","article-title":"Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold","volume":"36","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0505","series-title":"Laboratory Testing for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Suspected Human Cases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107106","article-title":"Impact of intervention methods on COVID-19 transmission in Shenzhen","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020601","article-title":"Assessing the impact of reduced travel on exportation dynamics of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19)","volume":"9","author":"Anzai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.04.054","article-title":"Identification and characterization of novel neutral- izing epitopes in the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein: revealing the critical antigenic determinants in inactivated SARS-CoV vac- cine","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01467-06","article-title":"A severe acute respiratory syn- drome coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in vitro and in vivo","volume":"81","author":"DeDiego","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200702","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity from a phase I trial of inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1177688","article-title":"Immunization with inactivated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccineleads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus","volume":"12","author":"Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.10.052","article-title":"Inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine elicits high titers of spike protein-specific antibodies that block receptor binding and virus entry","volume":"325","author":"e","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0550","first-page":"31","article-title":"SARS CoV subunit vaccine: body-mediated neutralisation and enhancement","volume":"18","author":"Jaume","year":"2012","journal-title":"HongKong Med J.anti"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.02.004","article-title":"Intranasal vaccination with recombinant receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein induces much stronger local mucosal immune responses than subcutaneous immuniza- tion: implication for designing novel mucosal MERS vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81579-0","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of two severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) vaccine candidates in mice challenged with SARS coronavirus","volume":"87","author":"See","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0565","series-title":"Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Vaccine Candidate MVA-MERS-S","author":"Addo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"April 15","key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013056","article-title":"The antiviralcompound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"295","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13027","article-title":"Protection against filovirus dis- eases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430","volume":"508","author":"Warren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00184","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and the use of chloroquine as an antiviral treatment","volume":"7","author":"Rebeaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30226-5","article-title":"Immunomodulation in COVID-19","author":"Ingraham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222_bib0595","unstructured":"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/results?cond=COVID-19 (Accessed 24 May 2020)."}],"container-title":["Pathology - Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S034403382032077X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S034403382032077X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T06:45:56Z","timestamp":1759733156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S034403382032077X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S034403382032077X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222","relation":{},"ISSN":["0344-0338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0344-0338","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"COVID-2019 \u2013 A comprehensive pathology insight","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pathology - Research and Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153222","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"153222"}}