{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:25:07Z","timestamp":1790256307429,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Paediatric Respiratory Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T11:58:31Z","timestamp":1565956711000},"page":"67-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Azithromycin is the answer in paediatric respiratory medicine, but what was the question?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.6.9710075","article-title":"Improvement of survival in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis treated with low-dose erythromycin","volume":"157","author":"Kudoh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(03)00042-8","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of clarithromycin treatment in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"97","author":"Kadota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2012.02.005","article-title":"Diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"33","author":"Kudoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.1.196","article-title":"Erythromycin reduces neutrophils and neutrophil-derived elastolytic-like activity in the lower respiratory tract of bronchiolitis patients","volume":"146","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.4.1116","article-title":"Erythromycin inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in bronchoalveoli of diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"106","author":"Oda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00078-09","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and clinical application of macrolides as immunomodulatory medications","volume":"23","author":"Kanoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1161-x","article-title":"Macrolides: from in vitro anti-inflammatory properties to clinical practice in respiratory diseases","volume":"68","author":"Zaragoulidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.03.003","article-title":"Azithromycin: mechanisms of action and their relevance for clinical applications","volume":"143","author":"Parnham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00136712","article-title":"Long-term macrolide treatment for chronic respiratory disease","volume":"42","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1285677","article-title":"Immunomodulatory indications of azithromycin in respiratory disease: a concise review for the clinician","volume":"129","author":"Cramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.156760","article-title":"Targeting lung attacks","volume":"66","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2011.160861","article-title":"Following Nero: fiddle while Rome burns, or is there a better way?","volume":"66","author":"Bush","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1700OC","article-title":"Trajectories of lung function during childhood","volume":"189","author":"Belgrave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200807-1126OC","article-title":"Severe exacerbations and decline in lung function in asthma","volume":"179","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21117","article-title":"Return of FEV1 after pulmonary exacerbation in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"45","author":"Sanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1421OC","article-title":"Failure to recover to baseline pulmonary function after cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation","volume":"182","author":"Sanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00159111","article-title":"Effect of pulmonary exacerbations on long-term lung function decline in cystic fibrosis","volume":"40","author":"Waters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23479","article-title":"Recovery of baseline lung function after pulmonary exacerbation in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"51","author":"Sunther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0071-2018","article-title":"Acute exacerbations of progressive-fibrosing interstitial lung diseases","volume":"27","author":"Kolb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00102014","article-title":"Novel antiviral properties of azithromycin in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Sch\u00f6gler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.151431","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection liberates planktonic bacteria from biofilm and increases chemokine responses in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells","volume":"66","author":"Chattoraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70343-8","article-title":"A multicenter study of alternate-day prednisone therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Prednisone Trial Group","volume":"126","author":"Eigen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503303321303","article-title":"Effect of high-dose ibuprofen in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"332","author":"Konstan","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L75","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00093.2005","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics modulate ERK phosphorylation and IL-8 and GM-CSF production by human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"290","author":"Shinkai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.12.010","article-title":"Azithromycin inhibits macrophage interleukin-1\u03b2 production through inhibition of activator protein-1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced murine pulmonary neutrophilia","volume":"11","author":"Bosnar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122666","article-title":"Azithromycin and chloramphenicol diminish neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release","volume":"18","author":"Bystrzycka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx121","article-title":"Current and future therapies for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"364","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147698","article-title":"Impact of azithromycin on the quorum sensing-controlled proteome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"11","author":"Swatton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148.2014.934411","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine and azithromycin affect the innate immune response in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Lung Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01403-10","article-title":"Restoration of chloride efflux by azithromycin in airway epithelial cells of cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"55","author":"Saint-Criq","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.07.016","article-title":"Exploring the mechanisms of macrolides in cystic fibrosis","volume":"100","author":"Equi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78360-4","article-title":"Long-term azithromycin may improve lung function in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"351","author":"Jaff\u00e9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21613","article-title":"Clarithromycin therapy for patients with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2013.08.008","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic variability of clarithromycin and differences in CYP3A4 activity in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Dalb\u00f8ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11081-6","article-title":"Long term azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial","volume":"360","author":"Equi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.13.1749","article-title":"Azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"290","author":"Saiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.057950","article-title":"Long term effects of azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis: a double blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Clement","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.563","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis uninfected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"Saiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21601","article-title":"Open-label, follow-on study of azithromycin in pediatric patients with CF uninfected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"47","author":"Saiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-196","article-title":"Macrolides decrease the minimal inhibitory concentration of anti-pseudomonal agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients in biofilm","volume":"8","author":"Lutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0628","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on systemic markers of inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosis uninfected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"142","author":"Ratjen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0210","first-page":"CD002203","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics for cystic fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Southern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.05.025","article-title":"Long-term effects of azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"117","author":"Samson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0215OC","article-title":"Azithromycin for early pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis. The OPTIMIZE Randomized Trial","volume":"198","author":"Mayer-Hamblett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201310-352OC","article-title":"Azithromycin may antagonize inhaled tobramycin when targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Nick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2016.12.003","article-title":"Impact of azithromycin on the clinical and antimicrobial effectiveness of tobramycin in the treatment of cystic fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Nichols","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201811-773OC","article-title":"Oral azithromycin use and the recovery of lung function from pulmonary exacerbations treated with intravenous tobramycin or colistimethate in adults with cystic fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Somayaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201811-774OC","article-title":"Oral azithromycin use and the response to pulmonary exacerbations treated with intravenous tobramycin in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Klingel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201902-158ED","article-title":"The pitfalls of polypharmacy and precision medicine in cystic fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"VanDevanter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46095","article-title":"Azithromycin blocks autophagy and may predispose cystic fibrosis patients to mycobacterial infection","volume":"121","author":"Renna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201801-012OC","article-title":"Chronic azithromycin use in cystic fibrosis and risk of treatment-emergent respiratory pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Cogen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2015.02.006","article-title":"Reduced risk of nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis adults receiving long-term azithromycin","volume":"14","author":"Coolen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00178","article-title":"Antivirulence activity of azithromycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"5","author":"Imperi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201307-1200OC","article-title":"Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and associated chronic macrolide use among persons with cystic fibrosis","volume":"188","author":"Binder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis473","article-title":"Increased susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to macrolides and ketolides in eukaryotic cell culture media and biological fluids due to decreased expression of oprM and increased outer-membrane permeability","volume":"55","author":"Buyck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01847-2016","article-title":"Acquired resistance to macrolides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"49","author":"Mustafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105185","article-title":"A CFTR potentiator in patients with cystic fibrosis and the G551D mutation","volume":"365","author":"Ramsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00545-7","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ivacaftor in patients aged 2\u20135\u202fyears with cystic fibrosis and a CFTR gating mutation (KIWI): an open-label, single-arm study","volume":"4","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30215-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lumacaftor and ivacaftor in patients aged 6\u201311\u202fyears with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"5","author":"Ratjen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1807119","article-title":"VX-659-tezacaftor-ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis and one or two Phe508del alleles","volume":"379","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1807120","article-title":"VX-445-tezacaftor-ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis and one or two Phe508del alleles","volume":"379","author":"Keating","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30202-9","article-title":"study group. Ivacaftor treatment of cystic fibrosis in children aged 12 to <24\u202fmonths and with a CFTR gating mutation (ARRIVAL): a phase 3 single-arm study","volume":"6","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201806-1018OC","article-title":"Islet hormone and incretin secretion in cystic fibrosis after four months of ivacaftor therapy","volume":"199","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201506","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of amoxycillin clavulanate in children with chronic wet cough","volume":"67","author":"Marchant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6617","article-title":"Two cases of primary ciliary dyskinesia with different responses to macrolide treatment","volume":"51","author":"Kido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.49.3453","article-title":"Primary ciliary dyskinesia that responded to long-term, low-dose clarithromycin","volume":"49","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0261-x","article-title":"Study protocol, rationale and recruitment in a European multi-centre randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy and safety of azithromycin maintenance therapy for 6\u202fmonths in primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"16","author":"Kobbernagel","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0340","first-page":"CD012406","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70185-1","article-title":"Long-term azithromycin for Indigenous children with non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis or chronic suppurative lung disease (Bronchiectasis Intervention Study): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Valery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0350","first-page":"CD011825","article-title":"Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication","volume":"1","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31723-9","article-title":"Amoxicillin-clavulanate versus azithromycin for respiratory exacerbations in children with bronchiectasis (BEST-2): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial","volume":"392","author":"Goyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0360","unstructured":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Bronchiolitis in children. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0365","first-page":"CD009834","article-title":"Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children","volume":"8","author":"McCallum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00029206","article-title":"Clarithromycin in the treatment of RSV bronchiolitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Tahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00032","article-title":"Three-weekly doses of azithromycin for indigenous infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis: a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"McCallum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13896","article-title":"Early administration of azithromycin and prevention of severe lower respiratory tract illnesses in preschool children with a history of such illnesses: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"Bacharier","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00500-7","article-title":"Azithromycin for episodes with asthma-like symptoms in young children aged 1\u20133 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Stokholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182411","article-title":"Treatment of preschool children presenting to the emergency department with wheeze with azithromycin: a placebo-controlled randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Mandhane","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-238","article-title":"Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: a review of 42 cases","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00181.x","article-title":"Effects of rapamycin, cyclosporin A, and dexamethasone on interleukin 5-induced eosinophildegranulation and prolonged survival","volume":"52","author":"Meng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12554","article-title":"Rapamycin inhibition of eosinophil differentiation attenuates allergic airway inflammation in mice","volume":"20","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054426","article-title":"Differential effects of rapamycin and dexamethasone in mouse models of established allergic asthma","volume":"8","author":"Mushaben","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.09.028","article-title":"Azithromycin or montelukast as inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agents in moderate-to-severe childhood asthma study","volume":"122","author":"Strunk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.152140","article-title":"The importance of nurse led home visits in the assessment of children with problematic asthma","volume":"94","author":"Bracken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S129159","article-title":"Managing the paediatric patient with refractory asthma: a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"10","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13085","article-title":"Severe asthma in children","volume":"22","author":"Bush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.5664","article-title":"Azithromycin for acute exacerbations of asthma: the AZALEA randomized clinical trial","volume":"176","author":"Johnston","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.6.1917","article-title":"Smoking and airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma","volume":"120","author":"Chalmers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200304-503OC","article-title":"Cigarette smoking impairs the therapeutic response to oral corticosteroids in chronic asthma","volume":"168","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.12.1574","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and inflammatory biomarkers in current smokers and exsmokers with severe asthma","volume":"131","author":"Thomson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202698","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in severe asthma (AZISAST): a multicentre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Brusselle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"146","key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0082-2017","article-title":"Long-term macrolides in diffuse interstitial lung diseases","volume":"26","author":"Faverio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.171553","article-title":"Characteristics of disorders associated with genetic mutations of surfactant protein C","volume":"95","author":"Thouvenin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.186.8.807","article-title":"ABCA3 transporter deficiency","volume":"186","author":"Hayes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0475","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by surfactant deficiency: dramatic improvement by azithromycin","volume":"24","author":"Thouvenin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1159\/000358443","article-title":"Efficacy of azithromycin for treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia: a prospective, open-label study with historical controls","volume":"87","author":"Kawamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00199-X","article-title":"New treatment strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis: antimetabolites, biological drugs, and other treatment approaches","volume":"3","author":"Baughman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.05.014","article-title":"Heterogeneity of lung disease associated with NK2 homeobox 1 mutations","volume":"129","author":"Nattes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01900-2016","article-title":"Management of children with interstitial lung diseases: the difficult issue of acute exacerbations","volume":"48","author":"Clement","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207349","article-title":"European protocols for the diagnosis and initial treatment of interstitial lung disease in children","volume":"70","author":"Bush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205998","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of azithromycin therapy in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) post lung transplantation","volume":"70","author":"Corris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2014.06.001","article-title":"Three-year results of an investigator-driven multicenter, international, randomized open-label de novo trial to prevent BOS after lung transplantation","volume":"34","author":"Glanville","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.08.027","article-title":"Azithromycin for the treatment of obliterative bronchiolitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9938","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on airflow decline-free survival after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: the ALLOZITHRO Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"318","author":"Bergeron","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00779-2015","article-title":"Clinical and inflammatory characteristics of the European U-BIOPRED adult severe asthma cohort","volume":"46","author":"Shaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00780-2015","article-title":"The burden of severe asthma in childhood and adolescence: results from the paediatric U-BIOPRED cohorts","volume":"46","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Paediatric Respiratory Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S152605421930065X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S152605421930065X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T19:34:52Z","timestamp":1761507292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S152605421930065X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["S152605421930065X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-0542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-0542","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Azithromycin is the answer in paediatric respiratory medicine, but what was the question?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}