{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T08:59:54Z","timestamp":1759481994033},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,10]],"date-time":"2007-01-10T14:29:29Z","timestamp":1168439369000},"page":"343-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: a Multidimensional Approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lochner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib1","series-title":"Essential papers on obsessive-compulsive disorders","author":"Stein","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib2","series-title":"Concepts and controversies in obsessive-compulsive disorder","article-title":"The OC spectrum: a closer look at the arguments and the data","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90199-5","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychobiological approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology","volume":"22","author":"Zohar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00271-1","article-title":"Neurobiology of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders","volume":"47","author":"Stein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib5","first-page":"475","article-title":"Hypothesis III: Tourette syndrome is only one of several causes of a developmental basal ganglia syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Palumbo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-000-0079-2","article-title":"The cognitive-affective neuroscience of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Stein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib7","series-title":"Neuropsychology of memory","article-title":"Memories and habits: some implications for the analysis of learning and retention","author":"Mishkin","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.1990.2.4.181","article-title":"The role of the striatum in the mental chronometry of action: a theoretical review","volume":"2","author":"Robins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib9","series-title":"Behavioral neurology of movement disorders","article-title":"Behavior and the basal ganglia","author":"Saint-Cyr","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3843","article-title":"The basal ganglia and chunking of action repertoires","volume":"70","author":"Graybiel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006","article-title":"The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: the importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers","volume":"29","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09620-4","article-title":"Seminar on obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"360","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90049-6","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Huntington's disease","volume":"31","author":"Cummings","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib14","first-page":"568","article-title":"Probing striatal function in obsessive compulsive disorder: a PET study of implicit sequence learning","volume":"9","author":"Rauch","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2004.07.001","article-title":"A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"132","author":"Whiteside","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19930701-10","article-title":"Impulsive aggression and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Stein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psych Annals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.07.020","article-title":"Cluster analysis of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic correlates","volume":"46","author":"Lochner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112040-00016","article-title":"Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI","volume":"12","author":"Knutson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077349","article-title":"Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons","volume":"299","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001507","article-title":"Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications","volume":"9","author":"Volkow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib21","first-page":"1411","article-title":"The role of dopamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"65","author":"Denys","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib22","first-page":"36","article-title":"Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: a role for dopamine in some forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"51S","author":"Goodman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib23","series-title":"Trichotillomania","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of trichotillomania","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-690X.2004.00214.x","article-title":"Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a [123I]FP-CIT\/SPECT study","volume":"109","author":"Serra-Mestres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800120066013","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder: evidence supporting a genetic relationship","volume":"43","author":"Pauls","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004072","article-title":"HMPAO SPET does not distinguish obsessive-compulsive and tic syndromes in families multiply affected with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Moriarty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900022574","article-title":"Betting on dopamine","volume":"10","author":"Stein","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.01.023","article-title":"Low level of dopaminergic D2 receptor binding in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Denys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(00)00146-9","article-title":"On the role of prefrontal cortex glutamate for the antithetical phenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"25","author":"Carlsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib30","series-title":"Cognitive science and clinical disorders","article-title":"Cognitive science and obsessive-compulsive disorder","author":"Stein","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib31","series-title":"Obsessive-compulsive related disorders","article-title":"The spectrum of obsessive-compulsive related disorders","author":"Stein","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(02)00024-2","article-title":"The obsessive-compulsive spectrums","volume":"25","author":"Phillips","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.5.552","article-title":"Affective spectrum disorder: does antidepressant response identify a family of disorders with a common pathophysiology?","volume":"147","author":"Hudson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199506000-00001","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor gene variants: association and linkage studies in impulsive-addictive-compulsive behavior","volume":"5","author":"Blum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib35","article-title":"SPECT imaging of body dysmorphic disorder","author":"Carey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases","volume":"155","author":"Swedo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-11-03344.1991","article-title":"Social deprivation of infant monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/263242a0","article-title":"Selective activation of mesocortical DA system by stress","volume":"263","author":"Thierry","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seedat S, Stein DJ. Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in women: a review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 15S3, 25\u201334. 2000.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145700001899"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10028","article-title":"Childhood trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania, and controls","volume":"15","author":"Lochner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007","article-title":"Early- versus late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: investigating genetic and clinical correlates","volume":"128","author":"Hemmings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-001-0020-3","article-title":"The psychobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: how important is the role of disgust?","volume":"3","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00271-1","article-title":"Neurobiology of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders","volume":"47","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X06000293?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X06000293?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T09:42:41Z","timestamp":1683711761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0193953X06000293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0193953X06000293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2006.02.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-953X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-953X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}}}