{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:18:52Z","timestamp":1760217532104,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,4]],"date-time":"2012-05-04T02:55:01Z","timestamp":1336100101000},"page":"521-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Neurobiology of Addiction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Nina B.L.","family":"Urban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmod.2009.04.002","article-title":"Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation as a driver of drug-seeking behavior","volume":"5","author":"Koob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today Dis Models"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-09-03112.1996","article-title":"Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex","volume":"16","author":"Carlezon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.14.6698","article-title":"Enzymatic synthesis of anandamide, an endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptor, by brain membranes","volume":"91","author":"Devane","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03576.x","article-title":"Anandamide, a brain endogenous compound, interacts specifically with cannabinoid receptors and inhibits adenylate cyclase","volume":"61","author":"Vogel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.001203","article-title":"Brain dopamine and reward","volume":"40","author":"Wise","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00195-0","article-title":"Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis","volume":"24","author":"Koob","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237","article-title":"Addiction","volume":"54","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25966.x","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement","volume":"654","author":"Koob","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(87)90108-2","article-title":"The role of reward pathways in the development of drug dependence","volume":"35","author":"Wise","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.06.004","article-title":"Roles for nigrostriatal\u2014not just mesocorticolimbic\u2014dopamine in reward and addiction","volume":"32","author":"Wise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135722","article-title":"Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses","volume":"30","author":"Schultz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.1.x","article-title":"The tonic\/phasic model of dopamine system regulation and its implications for understanding alcohol and psychostimulant craving","volume":"95","author":"Grace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib13","first-page":"347","article-title":"Parameters estimation in positron emission tomography, in positron emission tomography: principles and applications for the brain and the heart","author":"Carson","year":"1986"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(01)00214-1","article-title":"Models and methods for derivation of in vivo neuroreceptor parameters with PET and SPECT reversible radiotracers","volume":"28","author":"Slifstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600493","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands","volume":"27","author":"Innis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2569","article-title":"Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method","volume":"94","author":"Breier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890130407","article-title":"Striatal binding of the PET ligand 11C-raclopride is altered by drugs that modify synaptic dopamine levels","volume":"13","author":"Dewey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890100302","article-title":"Amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release competes in vivo for [123I]IBZM binding to the D2 receptor in nonhuman primates","volume":"10","author":"Innis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199701)25:1<1::AID-SYN1>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Microdialysis and SPECT measurements of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in nonhuman primates","volume":"25","author":"Laruelle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib20","first-page":"1182","article-title":"SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine release after amphetamine challenge","volume":"36","author":"Laruelle","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC121","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-02-j0001.2001","article-title":"Therapeutic doses of oral methylphenidate significantly increase extracellular dopamine in the human brain","volume":"21","author":"Volkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08121801","article-title":"Lower level of endogenous dopamine in patients with cocaine dependence: findings from PET imaging of D(2)\/D(3) receptors following acute dopamine depletion","volume":"166","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20506","article-title":"Small effect of dopamine release and no effect of dopamine depletion on [18F]fallypride binding in healthy humans","volume":"62","author":"Cropley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.03.022","article-title":"Estimation of baseline dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in striatum and extrastriatal regions in humans with positron emission tomography with [18F] fallypride","volume":"63","author":"Riccardi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001062","article-title":"Dopamine depletion results in increased neostriatal D(2), but not D(1), receptor binding in humans","volume":"7","author":"Verhoeff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00043-2","article-title":"Imaging D2 receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine in humans","volume":"17","author":"Laruelle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib27","first-page":"644","article-title":"D-amphetamine-induced reduction of dopamine D2 availability in primates: comparison between [123I]IBF and [123I]IBZM","volume":"20","author":"Laruelle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200003000-00001","article-title":"Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in vivo binding competition techniques: a critical review","volume":"20","author":"Laruelle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.6.719","article-title":"Effects of chronic cocaine abuse on postsynaptic dopamine receptors","volume":"147","author":"Volkow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890140210","article-title":"Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers","volume":"14","author":"Volkow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/386830a0","article-title":"Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects","volume":"386","author":"Volkow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300420","article-title":"Cocaine dependence and d2 receptor availability in the functional subdivisions of the striatum: relationship with cocaine-seeking behavior","volume":"29","author":"Martinez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10050748","article-title":"Imaging dopamine transmission in cocaine dependence: link between neurochemistry and response to treatment","volume":"168","author":"Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1737","article-title":"PET imaging of dopamine D2 receptors during chronic cocaine self-administration in monkeys","volume":"9","author":"Nader","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.235","article-title":"Dopamine D1 receptors in cocaine dependence measured with PET and the choice to self-administer cocaine","volume":"34","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2015","article-title":"Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"158","author":"Volkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14734","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3765-09.2009","article-title":"Striatal dopamine d2\/d3 receptor availability is reduced in methamphetamine dependence and is linked to impulsivity","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib38","article-title":"Decreased dopamine activity predicts relapse in methamphetamine abusers","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5816","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137073","article-title":"Nucleus accumbens D2\/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement","volume":"315","author":"Dalley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00184-4","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor availability in opiate-dependent subjects before and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245330","article-title":"Striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding characteristics in vivo in patients with alcohol dependence","volume":"116","author":"Hietala","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology [Berl]"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05936.x","article-title":"Decreases in dopamine receptors but not in dopamine transporters in alcoholics","volume":"20","author":"Volkow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.044","article-title":"Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum","volume":"58","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3371-07.2007","article-title":"Profound decreases in dopamine release in striatum in detoxified alcoholics: possible orbitofrontal involvement","volume":"27","author":"Volkow","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07020352","article-title":"Association of low striatal dopamine d2 receptor availability with nicotine dependence similar to that seen with other drugs of abuse","volume":"165","author":"Fehr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9253","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03643-6","article-title":"Brain dopamine and obesity","volume":"357","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1507","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0107","article-title":"Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology","volume":"363","author":"Volkow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200209000-00008","article-title":"Role of dopamine in drug reinforcement and addiction in humans: results from imaging studies","volume":"13","author":"Volkow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)63005-X","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: hypodopaminergic state","volume":"63","author":"Melis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00367-0","article-title":"From first drug use to drug dependence; developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol","volume":"26","author":"Wagner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1105-1429","article-title":"The neuroscience of addiction","volume":"8","author":"Volkow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/nn798","article-title":"Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine self-administration","volume":"5","author":"Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.07.037","article-title":"Dopamine type 2\/3 receptor availability in the striatum and social status in human volunteers","volume":"67","author":"Martinez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.9.999","article-title":"High levels of dopamine D2 receptors in unaffected members of alcoholic families: possible protective factors","volume":"63","author":"Volkow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1440","article-title":"Prediction of reinforcing responses to psychostimulants in humans by brain dopamine D2 receptor levels","volume":"156","author":"Volkow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10137","article-title":"Brain DA D2 receptors predict reinforcing effects of stimulants in humans: replication study","volume":"46","author":"Volkow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10388","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.19.10388","article-title":"Relationship between psychostimulant-induced \u201chigh\u201d and dopamine transporter occupancy","volume":"93","author":"Volkow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35115-8","article-title":"Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D(2) receptors","volume":"291","author":"Volkow","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01038-6","article-title":"Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria","volume":"49","author":"Drevets","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.87","article-title":"Ventral striatal dopamine release in response to smoking a regular vs a denicotinized cigarette","volume":"34","author":"Brody","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10226","article-title":"Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens","volume":"49","author":"Boileau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.005","article-title":"Sex differences in striatal dopamine release in young adults after oral alcohol challenge: a positron emission tomography imaging study with [11C]raclopride","volume":"68","author":"Urban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.138","article-title":"Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum","volume":"34","author":"Bossong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5274","article-title":"Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats","volume":"85","author":"Di Chiara","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib65","first-page":"110P","article-title":"Reduced amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release in cocaine addicts as measured by [123I]IBZM SPECT","volume":"40","author":"Malison","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00089-4","article-title":"Decreasing striatal 6-FDOPA uptake with increasing duration of cocaine withdrawal","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.622","article-title":"Amphetamine-induced dopamine release: markedly blunted in cocaine dependence and predictive of the choice to self-administer cocaine","volume":"164","author":"Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950070060011","article-title":"Incentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocaine dependence","volume":"51","author":"Higgins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.1043","article-title":"Community reinforcement therapy for cocaine-dependent outpatients","volume":"60","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.08.024","article-title":"Deficits in dopamine D(2) receptors and presynaptic dopamine in heroin dependence: commonalities and differences with other types of addiction","volume":"71","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.19.030196.001535","article-title":"Addictive drugs and brain stimulation reward","volume":"19","author":"Wise","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.93","article-title":"Cortico-basal ganglia reward network: microcircuitry","volume":"35","author":"Sesack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.08.002","article-title":"Limbic and cortical information processing in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"31","author":"Goto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"5526","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060818","article-title":"Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core","volume":"292","author":"Cardinal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.06.018","article-title":"Agonist-like, replacement pharmacotherapy for stimulant abuse and dependence","volume":"29","author":"Grabowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.004","article-title":"Levodopa pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence: choosing the optimal behavioral therapy platform","volume":"94","author":"Schmitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.06.011","article-title":"Dynorphin and the pathophysiology of drug addiction","volume":"116","author":"Shippenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00142.x","article-title":"Acetylcholine-dopamine interactions in the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders","volume":"16","author":"Lester","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110","article-title":"Neurocircuitry of addiction","volume":"35","author":"Koob","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1578","article-title":"Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction?","volume":"8","author":"Nestler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1206","article-title":"Methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms and reduced brain dopamine transporters studied with PET","volume":"158","author":"Sekine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.05.002","article-title":"Dopamine transporters and cognitive function in methamphetamine abuser after a short abstinence: a SPECT study","volume":"17","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.377","article-title":"Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers","volume":"158","author":"Volkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.036","article-title":"Neuromechanism of developing methamphetamine psychosis: a neuroimaging study","volume":"1025","author":"Iyo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0330-6","article-title":"Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers","volume":"185","author":"Johanson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology [Berl]"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8417","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08417.1998","article-title":"Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C]WIN-35,428","volume":"18","author":"McCann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20471","article-title":"Persistent cognitive and dopamine transporter deficits in abstinent methamphetamine users","volume":"62","author":"McCann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(20000315)35:4<243::AID-SYN1>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Long-term methamphetamine-induced decreases of [(11)C]WIN 35,428 binding in striatum are reduced by GDNF: PET studies in the vervet monkey","volume":"35","author":"Melega","year":"2000","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300512","article-title":"Protective effects of N-acetyl-l-cysteine on the reduction of dopamine transporters in the striatum of monkeys treated with methamphetamine","volume":"29","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.019","article-title":"Protective effects of minocycline on the reduction of dopamine transporters in the striatum after administration of methamphetamine: a positron emission tomography study in conscious monkeys","volume":"61","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-01-00419.1998","article-title":"Brain dopamine neurotoxicity in baboons treated with doses of methamphetamine comparable to those recreationally abused by humans: evidence from [11C]WIN-35,428 positron emission tomography studies and direct in vitro determinations","volume":"18","author":"Villemagne","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02439-2","article-title":"Recovery from methamphetamine induced long-term nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficits without substantia nigra cell loss","volume":"871","author":"Harvey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9414","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09414.2001","article-title":"Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence","volume":"21","author":"Volkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(09)88005-7","article-title":"Molecular bases of methamphetamine-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"88","author":"Cadet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.6.832","article-title":"Elevated striatal dopamine transporters during acute cocaine abstinence as measured by [123I] beta-CIT SPECT","volume":"155","author":"Malison","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00614-0","article-title":"Cocaine abusers do not show loss of dopamine transporters with age","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246159","article-title":"Serotonergic mechanisms of cocaine effects in humans","volume":"119","author":"Aronson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology [Berl]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.5.778","article-title":"Tryptophan depletion and attenuation of cue-induced craving for cocaine","volume":"152","author":"Satel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199412000-00005","article-title":"Fluoxetine alters the effects of intravenous cocaine in humans","volume":"14","author":"Walsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.7.1134","article-title":"Elevated central serotonin transporter binding availability in acutely abstinent cocaine-dependent patients","volume":"157","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1196-1225","article-title":"Increased mu opioid receptor binding detected by PET in cocaine-dependent men is associated with cocaine craving","volume":"2","author":"Zubieta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.026","article-title":"Imaging brain mu-opioid receptors in abstinent cocaine users: time course and relation to cocaine craving","volume":"57","author":"Gorelick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1225-5","article-title":"Brain mu-opioid receptor binding: relationship to relapse to cocaine use after monitored abstinence","volume":"200","author":"Gorelick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology [Berl]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.010","article-title":"How addictive drugs disrupt presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission","volume":"69","author":"Sulzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00390.x","article-title":"Heterogeneous effects of alcohol on dopamine release in the striatum: a PET study","volume":"31","author":"Yoder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(199703\/04)12:2<145::AID-HUP851>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"A PET study on the acute effect of ethanol on striatal D2 dopamine receptors with [11C]raclopride in healthy males","volume":"12","author":"Salonen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib107","first-page":"33P","article-title":"Decreases in dopamine receptors but not in dopamine transporters in alcoholics","volume":"37","author":"Volkow","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(02)00087-2","article-title":"Effects of alcohol detoxification on dopamine D2 receptors in alcoholics: a preliminary study","volume":"116","author":"Volkow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.161.10.1783","article-title":"Correlation between dopamine D(2) receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving","volume":"161","author":"Heinz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00355.x","article-title":"[(18) F]fallypride PET measurement of striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D(2\/3) receptor availability in recently abstinent alcoholics","volume":"17","author":"Rominger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1515","article-title":"Correlation of alcohol craving with striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and D2\/3 receptor availability: a combined [18F]DOPA and [18F]DMFP PET study in detoxified alcoholic patients","volume":"162","author":"Heinz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2007.07.004","article-title":"Imaging the neurochemistry of alcohol and substance abuse","volume":"17","author":"Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimag Clin N Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3042","article-title":"Cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of alcohol-related aggression","volume":"12","author":"Heinz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-33197","article-title":"Relationship between cortisol and serotonin metabolites and transporters in alcoholism","volume":"35","author":"Heinz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00171-7","article-title":"A relationship between serotonin transporter genotype and in vivo protein expression and alcohol neurotoxicity","volume":"47","author":"Heinz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.11.023","article-title":"Positron emission tomography imaging of the serotonin transporter in subjects with a history of alcoholism","volume":"55","author":"Szabo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00261.x","article-title":"PET [11C]DASB imaging of serotonin transporters in patients with alcoholism","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.08.034","article-title":"Positron emission tomography imaging of the serotonin transporter and 5-HT(1A) receptor in alcohol dependence","volume":"65","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.12.028","article-title":"Serotonin 1B receptor imaging in alcohol dependence","volume":"67","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.07.007","article-title":"Mu-opioid receptor binding measured by [11C]carfentanil positron emission tomography is related to craving and mood in alcohol dependence","volume":"55","author":"Bencherif","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.1.57","article-title":"Correlation of stable elevations in striatal mu-opioid receptor availability in detoxified alcoholic patients with alcohol craving: a positron emission tomography study using carbon 11-labeled carfentanil","volume":"62","author":"Heinz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01565.x","article-title":"Positron emission tomography imaging of mu- and delta-opioid receptor binding in alcohol-dependent and healthy control subjects","volume":"35","author":"Weerts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.11.1550","article-title":"Alterations of benzodiazepine receptors in type II alcoholic subjects measured with SPECT and [I-123]iomazenil","volume":"155","author":"Abi-Dargham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.2.116","article-title":"Reduced levels of GABA-benzodiazepine receptor in alcohol dependency in the absence of grey matter atrophy","volume":"173","author":"Lingford-Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400207","article-title":"Positron emission tomographic studies of cerebral benzodiazepine-receptor binding in chronic alchoholics","volume":"40","author":"Gilman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(93)90019-E","article-title":"PET analysis of [11C]flumazenil binding to benzodiazepine receptors in chronic alcohol-dependent men and healthy controls","volume":"50","author":"Litton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib127","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine receptors in abstinent, alcohol-dependent women: preliminary findings from an 123I-iomazenil single photon emission tomography study","volume":"24","author":"Lingford-Hughes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.4.546","article-title":"Increased availability of central benzodiazepine receptors in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy and alcohol related cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Jalan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.8.877","article-title":"Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid type A-benzodiazepine receptors in recovery from alcohol dependence: relationship to features of alcohol dependence and cigarette smoking","volume":"62","author":"Staley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.9.957","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and alcoholism: intoxication, dependence, vulnerability, and treatment","volume":"63","author":"Krystal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(01)00104-4","article-title":"Cannabis induced dopamine release: an in-vivo SPECT study","volume":"107","author":"Voruganti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.029","article-title":"Can recreational doses of THC produce significant dopamine release in the human striatum?","volume":"48","author":"Stokes","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110382465","article-title":"Does intravenous \u03949\u2013tetrahydrocannabinol increase dopamine release?","volume":"25","author":"Barkus","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.018","article-title":"Dopamine release in chronic cannabis users: a [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography study","author":"Urban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2003.08.007","article-title":"Dopamine mediation of positive reinforcing effects of amphetamine in stimulant naive healthy volunteers: results from a large cohort","volume":"13","author":"Abi-Dargham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1075-1","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolism and D2\/D3 receptor availability in young adults with cannabis dependence measured with positron emission tomography","volume":"197","author":"Sevy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology [Berl]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111414090","article-title":"History of cannabis use is not associated with alterations in striatal dopamine D2\/D3 receptor availability","volume":"26","author":"Stokes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011_bib138","article-title":"Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB(1) receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers","author":"Hirvonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X12000287?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X12000287?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T04:01:10Z","timestamp":1743048070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0193953X12000287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0193953X12000287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-953X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0193-953X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}}}