{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T22:42:09Z","timestamp":1782340929928,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T15:12:27Z","timestamp":1473433947000},"page":"567-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Inpatient Violence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Kayla","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033396","article-title":"Violence in inpatients with schizophrenia: a prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Arango","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/1478994031000074306","article-title":"A\u00a0preliminary investigation into patterns of aggression in an Australian forensic psychiatric hospital","volume":"14","author":"Daffern","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Psychiatry Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016092822271","article-title":"Repetitively assaultive psychiatric patients: review of published findings, 1978-2001","volume":"73","author":"Flannery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390304264959","article-title":"Violence on inpatient psychiatric units: state of the science","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3928\/0279-3695-20020101-12","article-title":"Violence against psychiatric nurses, an untreated epidemic?","volume":"40","author":"Quintal","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-6712.2002.00103.x","article-title":"Threats and violence in Swedish care and welfare\u2014Magnitude of the problem and impact on municipal personnel","volume":"16","author":"Menckel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.9.1123","article-title":"Patients\u2019 reports of traumatic or harmful experiences within the psychiatric setting","volume":"56","author":"Frueh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2527(02)00210-8","article-title":"Reasons for using seclusion and restraint in psychiatric inpatient care","volume":"26","author":"Kaltiala-Heino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2004.00767.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of two interventions in the management of patient violence in acute mental inpatient settings: report on a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Needham","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2013.10.003","article-title":"Situational variables related to aggression in institutional settings","volume":"18","author":"Welsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib11","series-title":"Patient violence and the clinician","first-page":"13","article-title":"The risk of being attacked by patients: who, how often, and where?","author":"Tardiff","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-006-9024-9","article-title":"Characteristics of staff victims of psychiatric patient assaults: 15-year analysis of the Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP)","volume":"78","author":"Flannery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02521342","article-title":"Risk factors for psychiatric inpatient assaults on staff","volume":"21","author":"Flannery","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ment Health Adm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0349.2006.00408.x","article-title":"Staff gender ration and aggression in a forensic psychiatric hospital","volume":"15","author":"Daffern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-010-9155-x","article-title":"The violence triad and common single precipitants to psychiatric patient assaults on staff: 16-year analysis of the assaulted staff program","volume":"82","author":"Flannery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib16","first-page":"447","article-title":"Data-based interventions to reduce assaults by geriatric inpatients","volume":"41","author":"Balderston","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/080394800448147","article-title":"Violence in a Finnish forensic psychiatric hospital","volume":"54","author":"Weizmann-Henelius","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390314537377","article-title":"Aggression Among Psychiatric Inpatients: The Relationship Between Time, Place, Victims, and Severity Ratings","volume":"20","author":"Bader","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1053\/apnu.2002.34394","article-title":"Factors relevant to patient assaultive behavior and assault in acute inpatient psychiatric units in Taiwan","volume":"16","author":"Chou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib20","first-page":"1237","article-title":"The relationship of crowding and aggressive behavior on a psychiatric intensive care unit","volume":"42","author":"Palmstierna","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11089-005-2337-z","article-title":"Precipitants of elderly psychiatric patient assaults on staff: preliminary empirical inquiry","volume":"76","author":"Flannery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3109\/01612849409009393","article-title":"Environmental characteristics related to patient assault","volume":"15","author":"Lanza","year":"1994","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.6.846","article-title":"An increase in violence on an acute psychiatric ward: a study of associated factors","volume":"156","author":"James","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1990.11024508","article-title":"Violence and social structure on mental hospital wards","volume":"53","author":"Katz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib25","first-page":"84","article-title":"Changes in behaviors of inpatients after a ban on the sale of caffeinated drinks","volume":"42","author":"Zaslove","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib26","series-title":"Textbook of violence assessment and Management","first-page":"259","article-title":"Inpatient Settings","author":"Quanbeck","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.30.5.166","article-title":"Aggressive behaviour in an acute general adult psychiatric unit","volume":"30","author":"El-Badri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2001.00292.x","article-title":"Characteristics of violent behavior in acute psychiatric in-patients: a 5-year Italian study","volume":"104","author":"Grassi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib29","first-page":"106","article-title":"Aggressive behavior on an acute psychiatric admissions ward","volume":"11","author":"Nijman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.2.197","article-title":"Predictive validity judgments of dangerousness in emergency civil commitment","volume":"144","author":"McNiel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib31","first-page":"429","article-title":"Predicting assaultiveness in psychiatric inpatients: a pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Convit","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.1.75","article-title":"Risk factors and correlates of violence among acutely ill adult psychiatric inpatients","volume":"52","author":"Soliman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.2.183","article-title":"Characteristics of violent behavior in a large state psychiatric hospital","volume":"55","author":"Kraus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib34","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Characteristics of repeatedly assaultive psychiatric inpatients","volume":"41","author":"Convit","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.9.1167","article-title":"The relationship between patients\u2019 gender and violence leading to staff injuries","volume":"51","author":"Lam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib36","first-page":"761","article-title":"Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys","volume":"41","author":"Swanson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/002188638301900212","article-title":"Prison overcrowding and disciplinary problems: an analysis of the Texas prison system","volume":"19","author":"Ekland-Olson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/009385487900600206","article-title":"Age and prison violence: increasing age heterogeneity as a violence-reducing strategy in prisons","volume":"6","author":"Mabli","year":"1979","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.11.1461","article-title":"Clinical prediction of assaultive behavior among male psychiatric patients at a maximum-security forensic facility","volume":"50","author":"Hoptman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000398410.21374.7d","article-title":"Agitation in the inpatient psychiatric setting: a review of clinical presentation, burden, and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Hankin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852914000376","article-title":"California State Hospital Violence Assessment and Treatment (Cal-VAT) guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Stahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/000486700271","article-title":"Prevalence and precipitants of aggression in psychiatric inpatient units","volume":"34","author":"Barlow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1375\/pplt.14.1.17","article-title":"The interaction between individual characteristics and the function of aggression in forensic psychiatric inpatients","volume":"14","author":"Daffern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Psychol L"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065009","article-title":"Self and other directed violence on a closed acute-care ward","volume":"56","author":"Myers","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib45","series-title":"Neurobiology of violence","author":"Volavka","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.7.1012","article-title":"Characteristics of assaultive behavior among psychiatric inpatients","volume":"54","author":"Nolan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.4.521","article-title":"Categorization of aggressive acts committed by chronically assaultive state hospital patients","volume":"58","author":"Quanbeck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.10.1288","article-title":"The relationship between command hallucinations and violence","volume":"51","author":"McNiel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00049-2","article-title":"Violence in schizophrenia: role of hallucinations and delusions","volume":"26","author":"Cheung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr041","article-title":"Pathways to aggression in schizophrenia affect results of treatment","volume":"37","author":"Volavka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1987.41.1.38","article-title":"The prediction of violence in outpatient psychotherapy","volume":"41","author":"Meloy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.5.945","article-title":"Utility of decision support tools for assessing acute risk of violence","volume":"71","author":"McNiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib53","first-page":"605","article-title":"Relationship between preadmission threats and later violent behavior by acute psychiatric inpatients","volume":"40","author":"McNiel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.8.965","article-title":"Predictors of violence in civilly committed acute psychiatric patients","volume":"145","author":"McNiel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033397","article-title":"Course of violence in patients with schizophrenia: relationship to clinical symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Krakowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.04.010","article-title":"Aggression and psychopathology in treatment-resistant inpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder","volume":"39","author":"Nolan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib57","first-page":"133","article-title":"The relationship between acute psychiatric symptoms, diagnosis, and short-term risk of violence","volume":"45","author":"McNiel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/105477389600500102","article-title":"The relationship of behavioral cues to assaultive behavior","volume":"5","author":"Lanza","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.1996.tb00191.x","article-title":"Verbal and non-verbal behavior immediately prior to aggression by mentally disordered people: enhancing the assessment of risk","volume":"3","author":"Whittington","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1272","article-title":"Utility of the initial therapeutic alliance in evaluating psychiatric patients\u2019 risk of violence","volume":"154","author":"Beauford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.106.s412.29.x","article-title":"Prediction of inpatient violence","volume":"412","author":"Steinert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.6.728","article-title":"Effects of diagnosis and context on dangerousness","volume":"145","author":"Binder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.3.384","article-title":"A\u00a0survey of assaultive behavior in Veterans Health Administration facilities","volume":"50","author":"Lehmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.9.1368","article-title":"Profiles and predictors of assaultiveness for different psychiatric ward populations","volume":"150","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.2.212","article-title":"Assaultive behavior among chronic inpatients","volume":"139","author":"Tardiff","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13897J","article-title":"Predicting aggressive and socially disruptive behavior in a maximum-security forensic psychiatric hospital","volume":"41","author":"Hill","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199710000-00002","article-title":"The effects of phenytoin on impulsive and premeditated aggression: a controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Barratt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(97)90031-6","article-title":"Violence in psychiatric patients: the role of psychosis, frontal lobe impairment, and ward turmoil","volume":"38","author":"Krakowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.7.849","article-title":"Neurological impairment in violent schizophrenic inpatients","volume":"146","author":"Krakowski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib70","unstructured":"Resnick, P. (2016). Risk Assessment for Violence. American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. Atlanta, May 16, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01158.x","article-title":"Aversive stimulation by staff and violence by psychiatric patients","volume":"35","author":"Whittington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820060056009","article-title":"Mental disorder, intellectual deficiency, and crime: evidence from a birth cohort","volume":"49","author":"Hodgins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib73","first-page":"1233","article-title":"A\u00a0model hospital policy on prosecuting patients for presumptively criminal acts","volume":"42","author":"Appelbaum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2850.2002.00433.x","article-title":"Should patients who assault staff be prosecuted?","volume":"9","author":"Coyne","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib75","first-page":"50","article-title":"Factors affecting the decision to prosecute mental patients for criminal behavior","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib76","unstructured":"Tarasoff V. Regents of the University of California, 551 P2d 334, 131 Cal. Rptr. 14 (1976)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib77","unstructured":"Youngberg V. Romeo, 102 S. Ct. 2452(1982)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2004.01.002","article-title":"Prosecution of violent psychiatric inpatients: theoretical and practical issues","volume":"27","author":"Dinwiddie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib79","first-page":"44","article-title":"The prosecution of psychiatric patients for assaults on staff; a preliminary empirical study","volume":"38","author":"Hoge","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80184-7","article-title":"Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments","volume":"11","author":"Ulrich","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Environ Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib81","series-title":"Effects of the physical environment of mental health facilities on patient aggression: implications for facility design","author":"Ulrich","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib82","series-title":"Architectural mediation of residential density and control: crowding and the regulation of social contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 12","first-page":"131","author":"Baum","year":"1979"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.39.10.1148","article-title":"Prison crowding research: The relevance for prison housing standards and a general approach regarding crowding phenomena","volume":"39","author":"Cox","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01147.x","article-title":"Perceived control in prison: its relation to reporte crowding stress, stress, and symptoms","volume":"16","author":"Ruback","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib85","first-page":"41","article-title":"Designing tomorrow\u2019s high secure units","volume":"65","author":"Baillie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Estate J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib86","unstructured":"Ulrich, R., Begren, L., Lundin, S. Toward a design theory for reducing aggression in psychiatric facilities. Architecture, Research, Care, Health Conference. 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib87","article-title":"What\u2019s the best nurses\u2019 station design for psychiatric hospitals?","author":"Mural","year":"2015","journal-title":"Healthcare Design"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib88","article-title":"Weapons use among hospital security personnel","author":"Schoenfisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Report to the International Healthcare Security and Safety Foundation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib89","article-title":"When the hospital fires the bullet","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005_bib90","article-title":"The number of armed security guards in hospitals is growing\u2014so is the debate over their necessity","author":"Ellison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Becker\u2019s Hospital Review"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X16300430?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X16300430?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T21:52:27Z","timestamp":1657230747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0193953X16300430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0193953X16300430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-953X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-953X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Inpatient Violence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2016.07.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}