{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:52:11Z","timestamp":1782402731676,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 MH-125201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 MH-125201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T19:52:29Z","timestamp":1716493949000},"page":"577-593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Policy, Design, and Critical Reflections on Behavioral Health Crisis Services for People Experiencing Homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Samuel W.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico G.","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keris J\u00e4n","family":"Myrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib3","series-title":"Benioff homelessness and housing initiative","first-page":"1","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib4","series-title":"Homelessness is a housing problem: how structural factors explain U.S. Patterns","author":"Colburn","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2022.0035","article-title":"The impact of homelessness on mortality of individuals living in the United States: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Funk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.3697","article-title":"Factors Associated With Mortality Among Homeless Older Adults in California: The HOPE HOME Study","volume":"182","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.1604","article-title":"Mortality among homeless adults in boston: shifts in causes of death over a 15-Year Period","volume":"173","author":"Baggett","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13553","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of permanent supportive housing for chronically homeless persons with high use of publicly funded services","volume":"55","author":"Raven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30055-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of permanent supportive housing and income assistance interventions for homeless individuals in high-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Aubry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300261","article-title":"Permanent supportive housing: assessing the evidence","volume":"65","author":"Rog","year":"2014","journal-title":"PS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/23761407.2017.1316221","article-title":"Mental health, substance abuse, and suicide among homeless adults","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Evidence Informed Soc Work"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4706","article-title":"Psychiatry on the streets\u2014caring for homeless patients","volume":"77","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000721","article-title":"Cops, clinicians, or both? collaborative approaches to responding to behavioral health emergencies","volume":"73","author":"Balfour","year":"2022","journal-title":"PS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.03.003","article-title":"Deaths of people with mental illness during interactions with law enforcement","volume":"58","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1316-7","article-title":"A\u00a010-year retrospective analysis of hospital admissions and length of stay among a cohort of homeless adults in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"16","author":"Russolillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00802096","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic study of mental health services utilization by homeless men and women","volume":"28","author":"North","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib20","author":"Balfour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib22","article-title":"A\u00a0roadmap for helping people who are homeless and mentally Ill","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001294","article-title":"Structural vulnerability: operationalizing the concept to address health disparities in clinical care","volume":"92","author":"Bourgois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00069","article-title":"Exploring the experiences of violence among individuals who are homeless using a consumer-led approach","volume":"29","author":"Meinbresse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib25","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Adolescent homelessness: Evaluating victimization risk based on LGBT identity and sleeping location","volume":"94","author":"Flatley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib26","article-title":"Why are black adults over-represented among individuals who have experienced lifetime homelessness? Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis of homelessness among US male adults","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib27","series-title":"Evicted: poverty and profit in the American city","author":"Desmond","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib28","series-title":"Know your price: valuing black lives and property in America\u2019s black cities","author":"Perry","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib29","series-title":"The color of law: a forgotten history of how our government segregated America. First published as a liveright paperback 2018","author":"Rothstein","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib30","author":"Rountree"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib31","author":"Schoenig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib32","series-title":"Tennessee is about to become the 1st state to make camping on public land a Felony","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib33","article-title":"Rethinking disorderly conduct","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Calif Law Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib34","author":"Perez"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib35","author":"Roy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib36","author":"Lander"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2035710","article-title":"Decoupling crisis response from policing \u2014 a step toward equitable psychiatric emergency services","volume":"384","author":"Rafla-Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib38","article-title":"San Clemente clears homeless camp site and requires proof of ties to the city for reentry","author":"Ritchie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orange Cty Regist (Santa Ana, CA)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib39","first-page":"54","article-title":"Issues and trends in police discretion","volume":"47","author":"Reed","year":"1980","journal-title":"Police Chief"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.23074012","article-title":"Mobile crisis metrics: moving toward a functional crisis continuum of care","volume":"74","author":"Rafla-Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"PS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib41","series-title":"Quality measurement in crisis services","author":"Goldman","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib42","article-title":"Evaluation of a pilot learning community","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Group Adv Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib43","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coalition for the Homeless"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib44","author":"Nzodom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib45","article-title":"Kansas community mental health centers transitioning to new care model; Bert Nash is in the first phase","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lawrence Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib47","article-title":"CalAIM: Leveraging Medicaid Managed Care for Housing and Homelessness Support","author":"Atkeson","year":"2022","journal-title":"National Academy For State Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib48","series-title":"Behavioral health crisis response: findings from a survey of state Medicaid programs","author":"Saunders","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/1874924001003020053","article-title":"Outreach and engagement in homeless services: a review of the literature\u223c!2009-08-18\u223c!2009-09-28\u223c!2010-03-22","volume":"3","author":"Olivet","year":"2010","journal-title":"TOHSPJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib50","author":"About"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.31.1.89","article-title":"Homelessness and Medicaid Churn","volume":"31","author":"Dapkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31817d695c","article-title":"Lapses in Medicaid coverage: impact on cost and utilization among individuals with diabetes enrolled in Medicaid","volume":"46","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000751","article-title":"Discontinuity of Medicaid coverage: impact on cost and utilization among adult Medicaid beneficiaries with major depression","volume":"55","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib57","unstructured":"American Association for Community Psychiatry. Level of Care Utilization Systems for Psychiatric and Addiction Services. Accessed January 21, 2024. Available at: https:\/\/www.communitypsychiatry.org\/keystone-programs\/locus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib60","article-title":"Expanding Access to and Use of Behavioral Health Services for People Experiencing Homelessness","year":"2023","journal-title":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib62","article-title":"Peer Support Services in Crisis Care","year":"2022","journal-title":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib64","series-title":"Innovative New unit for patients with severe mental illness opens at NYC health\u00a0+ hospitals\/kings county","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9953","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61133-8","article-title":"Health interventions for people who are homeless","volume":"384","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib68","first-page":"965","article-title":"Community-Based Services for Homeless Adults Experiencing Concurrent Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders: A Realist Approach to Synthesizing Evidence","volume":"86","author":"O\u2019Campo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib69","series-title":"Motivational interviewing: helping people change","author":"Miller","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib70","series-title":"7 Principles for addressing encampments","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006_bib71","unstructured":"How to Improve: Model for Improvement. Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Available at: https:\/\/www.ihi.org\/resources\/how-to-improve. (Accessed 7 July 2023)."}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X24000285?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X24000285?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T03:53:46Z","timestamp":1724126026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0193953X24000285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0193953X24000285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-953X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-953X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Policy, Design, and Critical Reflections on Behavioral Health Crisis Services for People Experiencing Homelessness","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}