{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T17:26:03Z","timestamp":1789233963630,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T02:50:15Z","timestamp":1758941415000},"page":"301-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Virtual Reality and Mental Health"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"J. Kyle","family":"Haws","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb W.","family":"Lack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104709","article-title":"Evoking stress reactivity in virtual reality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Dammen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03129-x","article-title":"Virtual stressors with real impact: what virtual reality-based biobehavioral research can teach us about typical and atypical stress responsivity","volume":"14","author":"Shirtcliff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102480","article-title":"Virtual reality in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"52","author":"Cie\u015blik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5114\/hm.2019.83529","article-title":"Virtual reality in medicine: a brief overview and future research directions","volume":"20","author":"Mazurek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mov"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.3\/akaczkurkin","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence","volume":"17","author":"Kaczkurkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib6","first-page":"30","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy in virtual reality treatments across mental health conditions: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Dilgul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Consort Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00773","article-title":"Using virtual reality exposure therapy to enhance treatment of anxiety disorders: identifying areas of clinical adoption and potential obstacles","volume":"10","author":"Boeldt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.06.006","article-title":"A meta-analytic examination of attrition in virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders","volume":"61","author":"Benbow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/29681","article-title":"Virtual reality for supporting the treatment of depression and anxiety: scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Baghaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2007.07.007","article-title":"Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Parsons","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.06.007","article-title":"Meta-analysis of technology-assisted interventions for social anxiety disorder","volume":"42","author":"Kampmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115923","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy in mental health","volume":"17","author":"Emmelkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000134","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of prolonged exposure using imaginal exposure vs. virtual reality exposure in active duty soldiers with deployment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"84","author":"Reger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib14","first-page":"210","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual reality based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Fodor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465819000225","article-title":"Virtual reality-based cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with generalized social anxiety disorder: a pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Geraets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20910","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Opri\u015f","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.04.043","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials for evaluating the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy for social anxiety disorder","volume":"333","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003785","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Horigome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.12.016","article-title":"Exposure to virtual social interactions in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Kampmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib20","first-page":"183","article-title":"Virtual reality for relaxation in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a comparative trial","volume":"18","author":"Malbos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cyber Ther Telemed"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/10965","article-title":"Implementations of virtual reality for anxiety-related disorders: systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Oing","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-011-0467-0","article-title":"Virtual reality and mobile phones in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders: a phase-2 clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Repetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers Ubiquitous Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030309","article-title":"Exposure to a standardized catastrophic scenario in virtual reality or a personalized scenario in imagination for generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"8","author":"Guitard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00116","article-title":"Gamified, automated virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of spiders: a single-subject trial under simulated real-world conditions","volume":"11","author":"Lindner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445513482969","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure and imaginal exposure in the treatment of fear of flying: a pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Rus-Calafell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.12.001","article-title":"Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of dental phobia in adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Gujjar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.11.016","article-title":"Clinical effect of virtual reality to relieve anxiety during impacted mandibular third molar extraction under local anesthesia","volume":"78","author":"Yamashita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.04.006","article-title":"Assessing therapist reservations about exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: the Therapist Beliefs about Exposure Scale","volume":"27","author":"Deacon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"sup5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1414560","article-title":"Clinical Virtual Reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD","volume":"8","author":"Rizzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.086","article-title":"The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"257","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S89542","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure-based therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of its efficacy, the adequacy of the treatment protocol, and its acceptability","volume":"11","author":"Botella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216463","article-title":"The effects of virtual reality in targeting transdiagnostic factors for mental health: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Gardini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib33","article-title":"Clinician-reported barriers to using exposure with response prevention in the treatment of paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"24","author":"Keleher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib34","series-title":"CIBDA 2022; 3rd international conference on computer information and big data applications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of virtual reality technology in obsessive-compulsive disorder","author":"Hu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib35","article-title":"The use of virtual reality (VR) exposure for reducing contamination fear and disgust: can VR be an effective alternative exposure technique to in vivo?","volume":"25","author":"Inozu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2016.00018","article-title":"Inducing an anxiety response using a contaminated virtual environment: validation of a therapeutic tool for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"3","author":"Laforest","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front ICT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00414","article-title":"\u201cFake it till you make it\u201d! Contaminating rubber hands (\u201cMultisensory stimulation therapy\u201d) to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"13","author":"Jalal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0497","article-title":"Feasibility of a virtual reality-based psychoeducational tool (VRight) for depressive patients","volume":"23","author":"Migoya-Borja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/35526","article-title":"Virtual reality behavioral activation for adults with major depressive disorder: feasibility randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002147","article-title":"Embodying self-compassion within virtual reality and its effects on patients with depression","volume":"2","author":"Falconer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010140","article-title":"Edge of the present: a virtual reality tool to cultivate future thinking, positive mood and wellbeing","volume":"18","author":"Habak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7898","article-title":"The use of virtual reality in patients with eating disorders: systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Clus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7030043","article-title":"Virtual reality as a promising strategy in the assessment and treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"De Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/109493102760147213","article-title":"Virtual reality for health care: the status of research","volume":"5","author":"Riva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2441","article-title":"Virtual reality for enhancing the cognitive behavioral treatment of obesity with binge eating disorder: randomized controlled study with one-year follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Cesa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2538","article-title":"A randomised controlled comparison of second-level treatment approaches for treatment-resistant adults with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: assessing the benefits of virtual reality cue exposure therapy","volume":"25","author":"Ferrer-Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev J Eat Disord Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/cps0000223","article-title":"Your body, my experience: a systematic review of embodiment illusions as a function of and method to improve body image disturbance","volume":"31","author":"Portingale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.657638","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality in mental healthcare: effects of full body illusions on body image disturbance","volume":"2","author":"Turbyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163921","article-title":"A virtual reality full body illusion improves body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa","volume":"11","author":"Keizer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30053-1","article-title":"Virtual-reality-based cognitive behavioural therapy versus waiting list control for paranoid ideation and social avoidance in patients with psychotic disorders: a single-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Pot-Kolder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00219","article-title":"A feasibility and acceptability trial of social cognitive therapy in early psychosis delivered through a virtual world: the VEEP study","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X","article-title":"Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders","volume":"47","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.12.014","article-title":"Height, social comparison, and paranoia: an immersive virtual reality experimental study","volume":"218","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-015-0264-6","article-title":"The effect of virtual covert sensitization on reducing alcohol craving in heavy social drinkers","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00844","article-title":"The use of virtual reality in craving assessment and cue-exposure therapy in substance use disorders","volume":"8","author":"Hone-Blanchet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/24307","article-title":"Virtual reality technology use in cigarette craving and smoking interventions (I \u201cvirtually\u201d quit): systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Keijsers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132972","article-title":"Is virtual reality cue exposure a promising adjunctive treatment for alcohol use disorder?","volume":"10","author":"Lebiecka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.027","article-title":"The effect of repeated exposure to virtual gambling cues on the urge to gamble","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu104","article-title":"Effects of systematic cue exposure through virtual reality on cigarette craving","volume":"16","author":"Pericot-Valverde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2013.0253","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of virtual cue exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for nicotine dependence","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.10.003","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of cue exposure treatment through virtual reality for smoking cessation","volume":"96","author":"Pericot-Valverde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0118","article-title":"Crushing virtual cigarettes reduces tobacco addiction and treatment discontinuation","volume":"12","author":"Girard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13400","article-title":"Annual Research Review: immersive virtual reality and digital applied gaming interventions for the treatment of mental health problems in children and young people: the need for rigorous treatment development and clinical evaluation","volume":"62","author":"Halldorsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-020-00349-7","article-title":"Lack of research on efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Kothgassner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatrie"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045231204082","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of mental health conditions in children and adolescents: a systematic scoping review of how virtual reality environments have been used","volume":"29","author":"Blanco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-020-00230-x","article-title":"Virtual reality and augmented reality for children, adolescents, and adults with communication disability and neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082486","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an evidence-based systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Mesa-Gresa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa197","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality technology on functional mobility of older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Corregidor-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/17331","article-title":"The role of virtual reality in improving health outcomes for community-dwelling older adults: systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Dermody","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft194","article-title":"Effectiveness and feasibility of virtual reality and gaming system use at home by older adults for enabling physical activity to improve health-related domains: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020500","article-title":"The benefits of emotion regulation interventions in virtual reality for the improvement of wellbeing in adults and older adults: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Montana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9070883","article-title":"Benefits of VR physical exercise on cognition in older adults with and without mild cognitive decline: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Sakaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161022100017X","article-title":"Virtual reality and mental health in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Skurla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.03.009","article-title":"Virtual reality exergames for improving older adults\u2019 cognition and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"22","author":"Yen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104378","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based interventions on the physical and mental health of older residents in long-term care facilities: a systematic review","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00797-w","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality as support for the mental health of elderly women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Cie\u015blik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/35000","article-title":"Virtual reality applications in medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Pallavicini","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib78","first-page":"209","article-title":"Virtual reality mental health interventions in geriatric care for functional or well-being enhancement \u2013 a scoping review","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.11.002","article-title":"The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy","volume":"21","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12305","article-title":"Immersion and the illusion of presence in virtual reality","volume":"109","author":"Slater","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052220-112457","article-title":"Designing for dissemination and sustainability to promote equitable impacts on health","volume":"43","author":"Kwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-025-02191-2","article-title":"The role of virtual reality in personalized medicine: advancing prediction, prevention, and participation","volume":"49","author":"Miltiadis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib83","article-title":"Patient perceptions of in vivo versus virtual reality exposures for the treatment of anxiety disorders: cross-sectional survey study","volume":"7","author":"Levy","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026801","article-title":"Perceptions of virtual reality among therapists who do not apply this technology in clinical practice","volume":"9","author":"Schwartzman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X25000917?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X25000917?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:59:24Z","timestamp":1778734764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0193953X25000917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0193953X25000917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-953X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-953X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Virtual Reality and Mental Health","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2025.08.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}