{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:04:24Z","timestamp":1792512264365,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008771","name":"Tourette Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008771","name":"Tourette Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH092693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH092693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008771","name":"Tourette Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 HD079123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 HD079123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["psyn-journal.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T20:13:35Z","timestamp":1514924015000},"page":"46-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"special_numbering":"C","title":["GABA and glutamate in children with Tourette syndrome: A 1 H MR spectroscopy study at 7 T"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"E. Mark","family":"Mahone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolaas A.","family":"Puts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.E.","family":"Edden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey S.","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0b013e328341a307","article-title":"Genetic and functional studies of a missense variant in a glutamate transporter, SLC1A3, in Tourette syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib2","first-page":"123","article-title":"Postmortem analysis of subcortical monoamines and amino acids in Tourette syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Anderson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.07.024","article-title":"From reactive to proactive and selective control: developing a richer model for stopping inappropriate responses","volume":"69","author":"Aron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.131","article-title":"Human and rodent homologies in action control: corticostriatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action","volume":"35","author":"Balleine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00050","article-title":"Motor tics evoked by striatal disinhibition in the rat","volume":"7","author":"Bronfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.07.025","article-title":"Back to the future: circuit-testing TS & OCD. J Neurosci Methods. to the Future: circuit-testing TS & OCD","author":"Burton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf239","article-title":"Shifts in striatal responsivity evoked by chronic stimulation of dopamine and glutamate systems","volume":"125","author":"Canales","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib8","first-page":"277","article-title":"Abnormal concentration of GABA and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: An in-vivo 1H-MRS study","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2563-2","article-title":"Reliance on habits at the expense of goal-directed control following dopamine precursor depletion","volume":"219","author":"de Wit","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12066","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1088-12.2012","article-title":"Corticostraital connectivity underlies individual differences in the balance between habitual and goal-directed action control","volume":"32","author":"de Wit","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.03.004","article-title":"Forceful backbending stereotypies revealing MEF2C haploinsufficiency","volume":"60","author":"Delorme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv307","article-title":"Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Delorme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib13","first-page":"773","article-title":"Revised neurological examination for subtle signs","volume":"21","author":"Denckla","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12698","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1758-13.2013","article-title":"Systematic regional variations of GABA, glutamine, and glutamate concentrations follow receptor fingerprints of human cingulate cortex","volume":"33","author":"Dou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.038","article-title":"Increased GABA contributes to enhanced control over motor excitability in Tourette syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Draper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3894-04.2005","article-title":"Lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system disrupts stimulus-response habit formation","volume":"25","author":"Faure","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.03.047","article-title":"Dopamine agonists increase perseverative instrumental responses but do not restore habit formation in a rat model of Parkinsonism","volume":"168","author":"Faure","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12387","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0150-11.2011","article-title":"Neurobiology of tourette syndrome: current status and need for further investigation","volume":"31","author":"Felling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.08.017","article-title":"Decreased anterior cingulate cortex \u03b3-aminobutyric acid in youth with Tourette's disorder","volume":"65","author":"Freed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.06.010","article-title":"Habit learning and memory in mammals: behavioral and neural characteristics","volume":"114","author":"Gasbarri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib21","first-page":"107","article-title":"Motor cortex inhibitory function in Tourette syndrome, attention deficit disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder: studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"99","author":"Gilbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Neuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112851","article-title":"Habits, rituals, and the evaluative brain","volume":"31","author":"Graybiel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00050","article-title":"Context, emotion, and the strategic pursuit of goals: interactions among multiple brain systems controlling motivated behavior","volume":"6","author":"Gruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4547","article-title":"GABA and glutamate in children with primary complex motor stereotypies: an 1h-MRS study at 7T","volume":"37","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4038","article-title":"A fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition","volume":"16","author":"Jahanshahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww285","article-title":"Pathological glutamatergic neurotransmission in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Kanaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22206","article-title":"Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome","volume":"518","author":"Kataoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.12.020","article-title":"D-cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"62","author":"Kushner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015","article-title":"The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity","volume":"28","author":"Leckman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adoles Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.02.002","article-title":"Efficacy of glutamate modulators in tic suppression: a double-blind, randomized control trial of D-serine and Riluzole in Tourette Syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Lemmon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws104","article-title":"Widespread abnormality of the gamma-aminobutyric acid ergic system in tourette syndrome","volume":"135","author":"Lerner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21961","article-title":"MR spectroscopy of the human brain with enhanced signal intensity at ultrashort echo times on a clinical platform at 3T and 7T","volume":"61","author":"Mekle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn. Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.11.013","article-title":"Fronto-striatal glutamate in children with Tourette's disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Naaijen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00076","article-title":"Accelerated habit formation following amphetamine exposure is reversed by D1, but enhanced by D2, receptor antagonists","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10697","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of neurotransmitters in human brain","volume":"54","author":"Novotny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib36","first-page":"291","article-title":"Multiple systems for the motivational control of behavior and associated neural substrates in humans","volume":"37","author":"O'Doherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.01.001","article-title":"Corticostriatal interactions in the generation of tic-like behaviors after local striatal disinhibition","volume":"265","author":"Porgorelev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2015.06.003","article-title":"Comparison of single voxel brain MRS at 3T and 7T using 32-channel head coils","volume":"33","author":"Pradhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00060.2015","article-title":"Reduced GABAergic inhibition and abnormal sensory symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Puts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1199-5","article-title":"A guide to the metabolic pathways and function of metabolites observed in human brain 1H magnetic resonance spectra","volume":"39","author":"Rae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib41","article-title":"The diagnostic interview for children and adolescents-IV","author":"Reich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Multi-Health Syst., North Tonawanda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.12.5662","article-title":"Localized 1H NMR measurements of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain in vivo","volume":"90","author":"Rothman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-010-0095-4","article-title":"Treatment of tics and tourette syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Singer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, H., 2011. Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Handb Clinical Neurol 100, 641\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-52014-2.00046-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52014-2.00046-X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv378","article-title":"Habitual and goal-directed behaviours and Tourette syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6750","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1808-08.2008","article-title":"Calculating consequences: brain systems that encode the causal effects of actions","volume":"28","author":"Tanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22588","article-title":"Role of the sensorimotor cortex in Tourette syndrome using multimodal imaging","volume":"35","author":"Tinaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1213","article-title":"In vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of the human brain at 7T","volume":"46","author":"Tkac","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn. Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06796.x","article-title":"A specific role for posterior dorsolateral striatum in human habit learning","volume":"29","author":"Tricomi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.019","article-title":"NMDA receptors in dopaminergic neurons are crucial for habit learning","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.08.020","article-title":"Towards a primate model of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: anatomo-behavioural correlation of disorders induced by striatal dysfunction","volume":"49","author":"Worbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00539-4","article-title":"Inhibitory glutamatergic regulation of evoked dopamine release in striatum","volume":"96","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11788","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1970-16.2016","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex GABA concentration in humans predicts working memory load processing capacity","volume":"36","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925492717301634?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925492717301634?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,24]],"date-time":"2018-08-24T19:54:30Z","timestamp":1535140470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925492717301634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0925492717301634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-4927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-4927","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"GABA and glutamate in children with Tourette syndrome: A 1H MR spectroscopy study at 7T","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.12.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}