{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:59:06Z","timestamp":1772121546035,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":327,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL1R002493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1R002493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["119K410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["119K410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T10:09:57Z","timestamp":1749377397000},"page":"112015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Causal Discovery Analysis Reveals Insights into Psychosis Proneness, Brain Function, and Environmental Factors among Young Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"351","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2920-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuba","family":"Sahin-Ilikoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sisi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Kummerfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Rawls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao Yang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothea","family":"Toulopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7374","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1212","article-title":"Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study","volume":"325","author":"Arseneault","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08050721","article-title":"The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates","volume":"165","author":"Beck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022534613005","article-title":"A cognitive model of hallucinations","volume":"27","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31817108db","article-title":"Paranoid delusions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression: the transdiagnostic role of expectations of negative events and negative self-esteem","volume":"196","author":"Bentall","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2016.1236015","article-title":"Working memory function is linked to trauma exposure, independently of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Blanchette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn. NeuroPsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(67)90015-2","article-title":"Word fluency and brain damage","volume":"5","author":"Borkowski","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.08.024","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of psychotic-like experiences in the general population","volume":"215","author":"Bourgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001406","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants","volume":"41","author":"Bourque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.11.1238","article-title":"Intelligence and other predisposing factors in exposure to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a follow-up study at age 17 years","volume":"63","author":"Breslau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0010","first-page":"708","article-title":"Perinatal factors in psychosis","author":"Clarke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychotic Disord. Compr. Conceptualizat. Treat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1998.tb01292.x","article-title":"Cognitive assessment of voices: further developments in understanding the emotional impact of voices","volume":"37","author":"Close","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.273","article-title":"Neural dysfunction in cognitive control circuits in persons at clinical high-risk for psychosis","volume":"41","author":"Colibazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032492","article-title":"Negative emotional experiences arouse rumination and affect working memory capacity","volume":"13","author":"Curci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00197-9","article-title":"Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory","volume":"7","author":"Curtis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends. Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04362-x","article-title":"Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function","volume":"9","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.08.002","article-title":"Executive function performance and trauma exposure in a community sample of children","volume":"33","author":"DePrince","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2011-200727","article-title":"Interpersonal trauma exposure and cognitive development in children to age 8 years: a longitudinal study","volume":"66","author":"Enlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007355","article-title":"The brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS): psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and psychosis samples","volume":"36","author":"Fowler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170100455X","article-title":"Persecutory delusions: developing the understanding of belief maintenance and emotional distress","volume":"31","author":"Freeman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402","article-title":"Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170700013X","article-title":"Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: a theoretical paper","volume":"37","author":"Garety","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003312","article-title":"A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis","volume":"31","author":"Garety","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00524","article-title":"Review of causal discovery methods based on graphical models","volume":"10","author":"Glymour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00032-H","article-title":"Genetic risk of neuropsychological impairment in schizophrenia: a study of monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for the disorder","volume":"17","author":"Goldberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19111176","article-title":"Parietal-prefrontal feedforward connectivity in association with schizophrenia genetic risk and delusions","volume":"177","author":"Greenman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20629","article-title":"Examining the independent and joint effects of molecular genetic liability and environmental exposures in schizophrenia: results from the EUGEI study","volume":"18","author":"Guloksuz","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02421-6","article-title":"An extended Human Connectome Project multimodal parcellation atlas of the human cortex and subcortical areas","volume":"227","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102081","article-title":"Paranoia and negative schema about the self and others: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Humphrey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002960","article-title":"Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"42","author":"Kelleher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719001235","article-title":"The protective effect of neighbourhood social cohesion on adolescent mental health following stressful life events","volume":"50","author":"Kingsbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009019","article-title":"Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"37","author":"Koenen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi060","article-title":"Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence\u2013conditional on genetic risk","volume":"31","author":"Krabbendam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0034","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Health Care and Medical Sciences: Best Practices and Pitfalls","first-page":"197","article-title":"Foundations of causal ML","author":"Kummerfeld","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0035","series-title":"Paper presented at the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","article-title":"Simulations evaluating resampling methods for causal discovery: ensemble performance and calibration","author":"Kummerfeld","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib79","article-title":"Power analysis for causal discovery","author":"Kummerfeld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Data Sci. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn007","article-title":"Population-based cohort studies on premorbid cognitive function in schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Maccabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026376","article-title":"Superior intellectual ability in schizophrenia: neuropsychological characteristics","volume":"26","author":"MacCabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.060368","article-title":"Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study","volume":"196","author":"MacCabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn053","article-title":"Imaging genetic liability to schizophrenia: systematic review of FMRI studies of patients' nonpsychotic relatives","volume":"35","author":"MacDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0040","first-page":"34","article-title":"Psychometric properties of \u201cCommunity Assessment of Psychic experiences\u201d: review and meta-analyses","volume":"42","author":"Mark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01633-7","article-title":"Schizophrenia polygenic risk score in psychosis proneness","volume":"273","author":"Mas-Bermejo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1809","article-title":"Evidence for abnormal cortical functional connectivity during working memory in schizophrenia","volume":"158","author":"Meyer-Lindenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003780","article-title":"Causal pathways to social and occupational functioning in the first episode of schizophrenia: uncovering unmet treatment needs","volume":"53","author":"Miley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0044","unstructured":"NIMH Genetics Initiative: Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS). (1992). In. Rockville: national Institute of Mental Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0045","first-page":"368","article-title":"A hybrid causal search algorithm for latent variable models","volume":"52","author":"Ogarrio","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMLR. Workshop. Conf. Proc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7893.2010.00250.x","article-title":"The negative and positive self: a longitudinal study examining self-esteem, paranoia and negative symptoms in individuals with first-episode psychosis","volume":"5","author":"Palmier-Claus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early. Interv. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6418","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/362342a0","article-title":"The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory","volume":"362","author":"Paulesu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.11.1053","article-title":"Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study","volume":"57","author":"Poulton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa201","article-title":"The self in the spectrum: a meta-analysis of the evidence linking basic self-disorders and schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"Raballo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/85191","article-title":"The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing","volume":"4","author":"Rao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x","article-title":"Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications","volume":"112","author":"Read","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09040574","article-title":"Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study","volume":"167","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59669-x","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities with causal discovery algorithms: application to Alzheimer\u2019s pathophysiology","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.018","article-title":"Emotion and psychosis: links between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations","volume":"86","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.04.003","article-title":"Trajectories of neighborhood cohesion in childhood, and psychotic and depressive symptoms at age 13 and 18 years","volume":"56","author":"Solmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0057","volume":"81","author":"Spirtes","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701005141","article-title":"Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population","volume":"32","author":"Stefanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts523","article-title":"Causal stability ranking","volume":"28","author":"Stekhoven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13393","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4041-07.2007","article-title":"Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met modulation of prefrontal-parietal-striatal brain systems during arithmetic and temporal transformations in working memory","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1849","article-title":"fMRI study of maintenance and manipulation processes within working memory in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"162","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.111","article-title":"The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity","volume":"17","author":"Teicher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465813000817","article-title":"Beliefs about voices and schemas about self and others in psychosis","volume":"43","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psych. Other."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.3.284","article-title":"Cognitive performance in presumed obligate carriers for psychosis","volume":"187","author":"Toulopoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00324-9","article-title":"Episodic memory in schizophrenic patients and their relatives","volume":"63","author":"Toulopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.117","article-title":"Reciprocal causation models of cognitive vs volumetric cerebral intermediate phenotypes for schizophrenia in a pan-European twin cohort","volume":"20","author":"Toulopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171900357X","article-title":"Jumping to conclusions, general intelligence, and psychosis liability: findings from the multi-centre EU-GEI case-control study","volume":"51","author":"Tripoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.001","article-title":"Prevalence of bullying victimisation amongst first-episode psychosis patients and unaffected controls","volume":"150","author":"Trotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"7906","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5","article-title":"Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia","volume":"604","author":"Trubetskoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7321","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09563","article-title":"The environment and schizophrenia","volume":"468","author":"van Os","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003814","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder","volume":"39","author":"van Os","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu069","article-title":"Identifying gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: contemporary challenges for integrated, large-scale investigations","volume":"40","author":"van Os","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs050","article-title":"Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies","volume":"38","author":"Varese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0074","series-title":"1 Manual, 1 Stimulus Booklet, 9 Plastic Cubes (Block Design),1 Record Form","article-title":"WASI -II Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence - second edition","author":"Wechsler","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.3169","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging abnormalities in youth with psychosis spectrum symptoms","volume":"72","author":"Wolf","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMa Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015_bib0077","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between childhood trauma, psychotic symptoms, and cognitive schemas in patients with schizophrenia, their siblings, and healthy controls: results from the EU-GEI study","author":"\u00dc\u00e7ok","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925492725000708?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925492725000708?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T16:13:36Z","timestamp":1752596016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925492725000708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0925492725000708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.02.19.581044","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0925-4927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-4927","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Causal Discovery Analysis Reveals Insights into Psychosis Proneness, Brain Function, and Environmental Factors among Young Individuals","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112015"}}