{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:36:01Z","timestamp":1778560561017,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030140","name":"William C. Risser Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T07:36:53Z","timestamp":1768635413000},"page":"112144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Testing dopaminergic markers of problematic social media use using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"357","author":[{"given":"Holly","family":"Shannon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clifford","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmin A.","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa-Sarah","family":"Brunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim G.C.","family":"Hellemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Synthia","family":"Guimond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-023-00825-y","article-title":"Altered functional brain networks in problematic smartphone and social media use: resting-state fMRI study","volume":"18","author":"\u00c1fra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105690","article-title":"Neuromelanin levels in individuals with substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"161","author":"Ahrens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2466\/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517","article-title":"Development of a Facebook addiction scale","volume":"110","author":"Andreassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.009","article-title":"Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research","volume":"4","author":"Billieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212798919110","article-title":"\u201cLiking\u201d and \u201cwanting\u201d linked to reward deficiency syndrome (RDS): hypothesizing differential responsivity in brain reward circuitry","volume":"18","author":"Blum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20010090","article-title":"Evidence for dopamine abnormalities in the substantia nigra in cocaine addiction revealed by neuromelanin-sensitive MRI","volume":"177","author":"Cassidy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807983116","article-title":"Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI as a noninvasive proxy measure of dopamine function in the human brain","volume":"116","author":"Cassidy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib43","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and Digital Media: Brain Development Implications for Adolescent Mental Health A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.09.009","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurons","volume":"37","author":"Chinta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414521869","article-title":"Social rewards and social networks in the human brain","volume":"20","author":"Fareri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nsae008","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsae008","article-title":"Developmental changes in brain function linked with addiction-like social media use two years later","volume":"19","author":"Flannery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-023-00153-4","article-title":"A taxonomy of technology design features that promote potentially addictive online behaviours","volume":"2","author":"Flayelle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106363","article-title":"Effect of the mobile phone-related background on inhibitory control of problematic mobile phone use: an event-related potentials study","volume":"108","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1247807","article-title":"Lonely and scrolling during the COVID-19 pandemic: understanding the problematic social media use and mental health link among university students","volume":"15","author":"Ghanayem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890500114359","article-title":"A \u201ccomponents\u201d model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework","volume":"10","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0013","series-title":"Behavioral Addictions: Criteria, Evidence, and Treatment","first-page":"119","article-title":"Social networking addiction: an overview of preliminary findings","author":"Griffiths","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0014","article-title":"Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in people with Internet addiction disorder","volume":"2012","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12030352","article-title":"Substance abuse in emerging adults: the role of neuromelanin and ventral striatal response to social and monetary rewards","volume":"12","author":"Jarcho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328346e16e","article-title":"Reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptors in people with Internet addiction","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-013-1199-9","article-title":"Correlation between pathology and neuromelanin MR imaging in Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"55","author":"Kitao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","article-title":"Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis","volume":"3","author":"Koob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.10.005","article-title":"Social Media and well-being: pitfalls, progress, and next steps","volume":"25","author":"Kross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2024.00011","article-title":"Wanting-liking dissociation and altered dopaminergic functioning: similarities between internet gaming disorder and tobacco use disorder","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4924","article-title":"Association of habitual checking behaviors on social Media with longitudinal functional brain development","volume":"177","author":"Maza","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)63005-X","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: hypodopaminergic state","volume":"63","author":"Melis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.09.005","article-title":"Unlocking the brain secrets of social media through neuroscience","volume":"27","author":"Montag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00879-9","article-title":"Response inhibition in problematic social network sites use: an ERP study","volume":"21","author":"Moretta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220819","article-title":"Association of neuromelanin-sensitive MRI signal with lifetime substance use in young women","author":"Perlman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107598","article-title":"Impact of social media use on executive function","volume":"141","author":"Reed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S450217","article-title":"Longitudinal problematic social media use in students and its association with negative mental health outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Shannon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/33450","article-title":"Problematic social Media use in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shannon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15409","article-title":"Beyond problematic social media use and the brain: a public health and policy perspective","volume":"1550","author":"Shannon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2025.108307","article-title":"Problematic social media use and inhibitory control among post-secondary students","volume":"165","author":"Shannon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy051","article-title":"What the brain \u2018likes\u2019: neural correlates of providing feedback on social media","volume":"13","author":"Sherman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616645673","article-title":"The power of the like in adolescence: effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social Media","volume":"27","author":"Sherman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00014-2","article-title":"The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations","volume":"24","author":"Spear","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.865825","article-title":"Evidence for dopamine abnormalities following acute methamphetamine exposure assessed by neuromelanin-sensitive Magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad300","article-title":"Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI as a promising biomarker of catecholamine function","volume":"147","author":"Trujillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.028","article-title":"Neuromelanin accumulation in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Ueno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.046","article-title":"The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction","volume":"162","author":"Volkow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1834-17.2017","article-title":"Adolescence and reward: making sense of neural and behavioral changes amid the chaos","volume":"37","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-024-01934-y","article-title":"Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI for mechanistic research and biomarker development in psychiatry","volume":"50","author":"Wengler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S441858","article-title":"The impact of problematic social Media use on inhibitory control and the role of fear of missing out: evidence from event-related potentials","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-013-9435-y","article-title":"Neuromelanin of the human substantia nigra: an update","volume":"25","author":"Zucca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2654","article-title":"Neuromelanins in brain aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease: synthesis, structure, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative role","volume":"75","author":"Zucca","year":"2023","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925492726000090?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0925492726000090?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T20:01:06Z","timestamp":1770321666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0925492726000090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0925492726000090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-4927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-4927","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Testing dopaminergic markers of problematic social media use using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112144","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112144"}}