{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:42:15Z","timestamp":1792122135012,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Poultry Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T11:30:34Z","timestamp":1586345434000},"page":"2916-2925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Effects of lysine and methionine in a low crude protein diet on the growth performance and gene expression of immunity genes in broilers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Chai Yan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelene Ai-Lian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0752-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teck Chwen","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raha","family":"Abdul Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2014000100005","article-title":"Effects of different levels of dietary crude protein and threonine on performance, humoral immune responses and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks","volume":"16","author":"Abbasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib2","first-page":"285","article-title":"Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication. Worlds","volume":"63","author":"Al-Nasser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib3","first-page":"34","article-title":"Broiler industry on short supply chain in Malaysia. Proc","author":"Ariffin","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.6.1656S","article-title":"Animal Models of amino acid metabolism: a Focus on the intestine","volume":"134","author":"Baracos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.22.10089","article-title":"Nramp defines a family of membrane proteins","volume":"92","author":"Cellier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib100","series-title":"Management guides","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.11.023","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of SLC11A1 cDNA in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)","volume":"129","author":"Doiphode","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.4.580","article-title":"Cell-mediated immunity in poultry","volume":"83","author":"Erf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3510001","article-title":"Amino acid regulation of gene expression","volume":"351","author":"Fafournoux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.10.1481","article-title":"The effect of dietary crude protein on growth, ammonia concentration, and litter composition in broilers","volume":"77","author":"Ferguson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0731887","article-title":"Limiting order of amino acids in corn and soybean meal for growth of the chick","volume":"73","author":"Fernandez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1180","article-title":"Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity","volume":"3","author":"Ganz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3540511","article-title":"Natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 is an H+\/bivalent cation antiporter","volume":"519","author":"Goswami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2007)51[561:CGGCAW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Chicken gallinacin gene Cluster Associated with Salmonella response in advanced Intercross line","volume":"51","author":"Hasenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis. Dig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas90-079","article-title":"The effects of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield","volume":"70","author":"Hickling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00009","article-title":"Intestinal mucin dynamics: response of broiler chicks and White Pekin ducklings to dietary threonine","volume":"88","author":"Horn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.9.1237","article-title":"Natural resistance to intracellular infections: natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) functions as a pH-dependent manganese transporter at the phagosomal membrane","volume":"192","author":"Jabado","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.1.10470","article-title":"The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Johansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib18","first-page":"165","article-title":"Effect of decreasing dietary protein levels with optimal amino acids profile on the performance of broilers","volume":"24","author":"Kamran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(91)90390-T","article-title":"The interaction between aspartic acid 237 and lysine 358 in the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli","volume":"1062","author":"King","year":"1991","journal-title":"BBA - Biomembr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib20","first-page":"449","article-title":"Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens","volume":"83","author":"Konashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1293","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00221.2006","article-title":"Adequate oral threonine is critical for mucin production and gut function in neonatal piglets","volume":"292","author":"Law","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450769936X","article-title":"Amino acids and immune function","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib23","first-page":"329","article-title":"Livestock production and the feed industry in Malaysia","volume":"18","author":"Loh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-004-0675-0","article-title":"Bioinformatic discovery and initial characterisation of nine novel antimicrobial peptide genes in the chicken","volume":"56","author":"Lynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(03)00058-8","article-title":"In silico identification of components of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway in clustered chicken expressed sequence tags (ESTs)","volume":"93","author":"Lynn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9420-3","article-title":"Expression of chicken LEAP-2 in the reproductive organs and embryos and in response to Salmonella enterica infection","volume":"34","author":"Michailidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib27","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Measuring competition along the supply chain of the Malaysian poultry industry","author":"Mohamed","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00031.x","article-title":"Effect of diet on mucin kinetics and composition: nutrition and health implications","volume":"62","author":"Montagne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib29","first-page":"16","article-title":"Evaluation of lysine, methionine and threonine needs of broilers three to six week of age under moderate temperature stress","volume":"1","author":"Ojano-Dirain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2006.1361","article-title":"Amino acid imbalance-biochemical mechanism and nutritional aspects","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-016-9225-y","article-title":"Enrofloxacin and probiotic Lactobacilli influence PepT1 and LEAP-2 mRNA expression in poultry","volume":"8","author":"Pavlova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Probio. Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2008-00105","article-title":"Impact of dietary amino acid and crude protein levels in broiler feeds on biological performance","volume":"18","author":"Pesti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683806050024","article-title":"Real-time PCR: a review of approaches to data analysis","volume":"42","author":"Rebrikov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2004.148.152","article-title":"The effects of dietary protein and lysine levels on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and N excretion","volume":"3","author":"Rezaei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607965104","article-title":"Methionine transmethylation and transsulfuration in the piglet gastrointestinal tract","volume":"104","author":"Riedijk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib102","series-title":"SAS User Guide","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib101","series-title":"Growth performance, gut morphology and immune response of broiler chickens fed low protein diets supplemented with lysine and methionine. Master Thesis","author":"Shazali","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib36","article-title":"Gut microflora and intestinal morphology changes of broiler chickens\u00a0fed reducing dietary protein supplemented with lysine, methionine, and threonine in tropical environment","volume":"48","author":"Shazali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazillian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00568-06","article-title":"The \u03b2-defensin gallinacin-6 is expressed in the chicken digestive tract and\u00a0has antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens","volume":"51","author":"Van Dijk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181a23dbe","article-title":"Threonine metabolism in the intestine of mice: loss of mucin 2 induces the threonine catabolic pathway","volume":"49","author":"van der Sluis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11620","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200371497","article-title":"Adaptive regulation of intestinal lysine metabolism","volume":"97","author":"van Goudoever","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669608417893","article-title":"Relative responses of protein turnover in three different skeletal muscles to dietary lysine deficiency in chicks","volume":"37","author":"Tesseraud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6987","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.6987-6993.2004","article-title":"Induction of cationic chicken liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 in response to Salmonella enterica infection","volume":"72","author":"Townes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0269-0","article-title":"Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"}],"container-title":["Poultry Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579120301735?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579120301735?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T22:26:03Z","timestamp":1758493563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032579120301735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0032579120301735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of lysine and methionine in a low crude protein diet on the growth performance and gene expression of immunity genes in broilers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Poultry Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Poultry Science Association Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}