{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:22:29Z","timestamp":1793744549534,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2022-03884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2022-03884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Poultry Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T13:44:03Z","timestamp":1730382243000},"page":"104472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effect of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) on feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens: A meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Fateh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1078-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-42-25","article-title":"Genetic properties of feed efficiency parameters in meat-type chickens","volume":"42","author":"Aggrey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-023-10082-5","article-title":"Knowledge and practice of antimicrobial usage and resistance among poultry farmers: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"47","author":"Al Sattar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00562","article-title":"Effects of diets containing different concentrations of mannanoligosaccharide or antibiotics on growth performance, intestinal development, cecal and litter microbial populations, and carcass parameters of broilers","volume":"88","author":"Baurhoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2021-0015","article-title":"Mandated restrictions on the use of medically important antibiotics in broiler chicken production in canada: Implications, emerging challenges, and opportunities for bolstering gastrointestinal function and health\u2013a review","volume":"101","author":"Bean-Hodgins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091899","article-title":"Bacillus pumilus and bacillus subtilis promote early maturation of cecal microbiota in broiler chickens","volume":"9","author":"Bilal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.048","article-title":"Effects of novel probiotic strains of bacillus pumilus and bacillus subtilis on production, gut health, and immunity of broiler chickens raised under suboptimal conditions","volume":"100","author":"Bilal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0007","series-title":"Common mistakes in meta-analysis: How to avoid them","author":"Borenstein","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2020.02.011","article-title":"Research note: In a meta-analysis, the i(2) index does not tell us how much the effect size varies across studies","volume":"66","author":"Borenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein, M. 2022. Comprehensive meta-analysis software. Pages 535-548 in Systematic reviews in health research. M. Egger, J. P. T. Higgins, and G. D. Smith, ed.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119099369.ch27"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12","article-title":"A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Borenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00249","article-title":"History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in european poultry feeds","volume":"86","author":"Castanon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0623-2","article-title":"Selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in agri-food production","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171642","article-title":"Different antibiotic growth promoters induce specific changes in the cecal microbiota membership of broiler chicken","volume":"12","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2016-0028","article-title":"Antibiotics shape microbiota and weight gain across the animal kingdom","volume":"6","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.117.2.245","article-title":"The effect of antibacterial drugs on the weight of mice","volume":"117","author":"Dubos","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S55778","article-title":"Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Economou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00218-5","article-title":"The effect of discontinuing the use of antimicrobial growth promoters on the productivity in the danish broiler production","volume":"50","author":"Emborg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac542","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac542","article-title":"Antimicrobials in animal agriculture in the united states: A multidisciplinary overview of regulation and utilization to foster collaboration: On behalf of the society of infectious diseases pharmacists","volume":"9","author":"Gens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2021.1883551","article-title":"Effect of fennel essential oil on performance, serum biochemistry, immunity, ileum morphology and microbial population, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diet","volume":"62","author":"Ghiasvand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490712200111","article-title":"Growth promoting antibiotics in food animal production: An economic analysis","volume":"122","author":"Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0651984","article-title":"Influence of virginiamycin on broilers fed four levels of energy","volume":"65","author":"Harms","year":"1986","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.10.1500","article-title":"Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets","volume":"82","author":"Havenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0024","series-title":"Canadian Poultry Magazine","article-title":"Antibiotics in broilers","author":"Hein","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn204","article-title":"Commentary: Heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified","volume":"37","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-25","article-title":"The hartung-knapp-sidik-jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard dersimonian-laird method","volume":"14","author":"IntHout","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","article-title":"Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"IntHout","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0028","first-page":"20","article-title":"Efficacy of antibiotic and non-antibiotic interventions in preventing and treating necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: A systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Irene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/00071667008415801","article-title":"Breed and sex differences in the growth rates of chicks fed diets supplemented with penicillin","volume":"11","author":"King","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00747","article-title":"Evaluation of the bacterial community and intestinal development of different genetic lines of chickens","volume":"89","author":"Lumpkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/aepp\/ppq030","article-title":"Foregoing sub-therapeutic antibiotics: The impact on broiler grow-out operations","volume":"33","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2018.10.004","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in food animals: Public health concern","volume":"39","author":"Menkem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta. Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.3.476","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology","volume":"85","author":"Miles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41154-9","article-title":"Use of sulfasuxidine, streptothricin, and streptomycin in nutritional studies with the chick","volume":"165","author":"Moore","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300705","article-title":"Divergent metabolic outcomes arising from targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota in diet-induced obesity","volume":"62","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51317-X","article-title":"The growth-promoting effect of folic acid and biotin in rats fed succinylsulfathiazole","volume":"145","author":"Nielsen","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102923","article-title":"Efficacy of bacillus subtilis to replace in-feed antibiotics of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis-challenged experiments: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Ningsih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0321046","article-title":"Breed differences in response to feeding antibiotics*","volume":"32","author":"Nordskog","year":"1953","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The prisma 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.905050","article-title":"Effects of dietary antimicrobial growth promoters on performance parameters and abundance and diversity of broiler chicken gut microbiome and selection of antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"13","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.09.002","article-title":"Changes in broiler performance, duodenal histomorphometry, and caeca microbiota composition in response to wheat-barley based diets supplemented with non-antibiotic additives","volume":"234","author":"Pineda-Quiroga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03239-6","article-title":"Growth promotion and antibiotic induced metabolic shifts in the chicken gut microbiome","volume":"5","author":"Plata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0079-4","article-title":"Xylo-oligosaccharides and virginiamycin differentially modulate gut microbial composition in chickens","volume":"3","author":"Pourabedin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0044","series-title":"Biotechnology in animal feeds and animal feeding","first-page":"143","article-title":"Antibacterials in poultry and pig nutrition","author":"Rosen","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085344","article-title":"Discovery of bile salt hydrolase inhibitors using an efficient high-throughput screening system","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3847-5","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota associated with differential feed conversion efficiency in chickens","volume":"96","author":"Stanley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.01.030","article-title":"Identification of chicken intestinal microbiota correlated with the efficiency of energy extraction from feed","volume":"164","author":"Stanley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00165-11","article-title":"Identification and characterization of potential performance-related gut microbiotas in broiler chickens across various feeding trials","volume":"77","author":"Torok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0049","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1495","article-title":"Reducing antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"357","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw1944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1944","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"365","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.012","article-title":"Effects of high fiber ingredients on the performance, metabolizable energy and fiber digestibility of broiler and layer chicks","volume":"188","author":"Walugembe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0054","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2003. Impacts of antimicrobial growth promoter termination in denmark: The who international review panel's evaluation of the termination of the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in denmark: Foulum, denmark 6-9 november 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45308","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45308","article-title":"Gut metagenomic analysis reveals prominent roles of lactobacillus and cecal microbiota in chicken feed efficiency","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2005.612.619","article-title":"Evaluation of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids in diets for broiler chickens","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01163","article-title":"Quantitative genetic background of the host influences gut microbiomes in chickens","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Poultry Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579124010502?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579124010502?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T20:48:56Z","timestamp":1776458936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032579124010502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0032579124010502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) on feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens: A meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Poultry Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104472","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Poultry Science Association Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104472"}}