{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T21:43:46Z","timestamp":1776462226663,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Poultry Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T08:50:19Z","timestamp":1759308619000},"page":"105933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flocks in focus: Automated video analysis of spatial behavior for stress detection in aviary-housed laying hens"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2952-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara Amber","family":"van Veen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4274-8856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Cornelia Maria","family":"van den Oever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Anna Maria","family":"Graat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5394-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Van Hertem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Dema\u00eetre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bas","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0477-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"van den Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600028426","article-title":"What causes crowding? Effects of space, facilities and group size on behaviour, with particular reference to furnished cages for hens","volume":"13","author":"Appleby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102548","article-title":"Disturbed circadian rhythm of locomotor activity of pullets is related to feather pecking in laying hens","volume":"102","author":"Bessei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.08.028","article-title":"Effects of specific noise and music stimuli on stress and fear levels of laying hens of several breeds","volume":"91","author":"Campo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102962","article-title":"Space use and navigation ability of hens at housing in the aviary for the laying phase: effect of enrichment with additional perches and genotype","volume":"102","author":"Ciarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.10.007","article-title":"Clustering and synchrony in laying hens: the effect of environmental resources on social dynamics","volume":"129","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.08.002","article-title":"The relation between fearfulness in young and stress-response in adult laying hens, on individual and group level","volume":"107","author":"de Haas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712316644966","article-title":"Behavioural synchronization from an ethological perspective: overview of its adaptive value","volume":"24","author":"Duranton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adapt. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28923-8","article-title":"Socially-mediated arousal and contagion within domestic chick broods","volume":"8","author":"Edgar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-50-S1-S1","article-title":"Understanding animal welfare","volume":"50","author":"Fraser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(95)01023-8","article-title":"Effects of nest quality and other cues for exploration on pre-laying behaviour","volume":"48","author":"Freire","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1937.10503522","article-title":"The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance","volume":"32","author":"Friedman","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.03.010","article-title":"Use of outdoor ranges by laying hens in different sized flocks","volume":"155","author":"Gebhardt-Henrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.04.003","article-title":"A longitudinal study of antipredator behaviour in four successive generations of two populations of captive red junglefowl","volume":"114","author":"H\u00e5kansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0017","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Sensory stress effect on layers","volume":"46","author":"Hamm","year":"1967","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104594","article-title":"The impact of multiple exposures and movement on the fear response of poultry","volume":"104","author":"Jackson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0019","author":"Kassambara"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(95)00612-V","article-title":"Spacing behaviour and an ethological approach to assessing optimum space allocations for groups of laying hens","volume":"44","author":"Keeling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2023.106056","article-title":"Brown and white layer pullet hybrids show different fear responses towards humans, but what role does light during incubation play in that?","volume":"267","author":"Manet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295560","article-title":"Commercial hatchery practices have long-lasting effects on laying hens' spatial behaviour and health","volume":"18","author":"Montalcini","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230043","article-title":"Commercial laying hens exhibit long-term consistent individual differences and behavioural syndromes in spatial traits","volume":"10","author":"Montalcini","year":"2023","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6096","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5193","article-title":"Contagious fear: escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds","volume":"9","author":"Morelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.05.032","article-title":"Sources of stress in captivity","volume":"102","author":"Morgan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00097-6","article-title":"Night-time roosting in laying hens and the effect of thwarting access to perches","volume":"68","author":"Olsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0027","article-title":"Tracking dustbathing behavior of cage-free laying hens with machine vision technologies","volume":"103","author":"Paneru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2018.05.008","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of broiler flock's welfare status using camera-based technology","volume":"173","author":"Pe\u00f1a Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071251","article-title":"The effects of mild disturbances on sleep behaviour in laying hens","volume":"13","author":"Putyora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0030","series-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.01.009","article-title":"Gregarious nesting\u2014An anti-predator response in laying hens","volume":"138","author":"Riber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0032","series-title":"8th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming, 2017, Nantes, France","article-title":"The use of sensor technology and genomics to breed for laying hens that show less damaging behaviour","author":"Rodenburg","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29962-x","article-title":"Finding hens in a haystack: consistency of movement patterns within and across individual laying hens maintained in large groups","volume":"8","author":"Rufener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-020-02949-3","article-title":"Breakdown of the ideal free distribution under conditions of severe and low competition","volume":"75","author":"Sirovnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/00015128409435409","article-title":"Evaluation of procedures for scoring the integument of laying hens\u2014Independent scoring of plumage condition","volume":"34","author":"Tauson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0003","series-title":"26th World\u2019s Poultry Congress Book of Abstracts","first-page":"253","article-title":"Development of an easily applicable monitoring tool for evaluation of feather pecking damage on commercial laying hens","author":"van den Broeck","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex104","article-title":"Nest use and patterns of egg laying and damage by 4 strains of laying hens in an aviary system","volume":"96","author":"Villanueva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0037","series-title":"In: European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"1","article-title":"Yolov9: Learning what you want to learn using programmable gradient information","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00088-5","article-title":"Working for a dustbath: are hens increasing pleasure rather than reducing suffering?","volume":"68","author":"Widowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192610","article-title":"Farm environmental enrichments improve the welfare of layer chicks and pullets: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0041","first-page":"20","article-title":"A deep learning method for monitoring spatial distribution of cage-free hens","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47684-6","article-title":"Predator-induced fear causes PTSD-like changes in the brains and behaviour of wild animals","volume":"9","author":"Zanette","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.12.003","article-title":"A note on fear reaction of three different genetic strains of laying hens to a simulated hawk attack in the hen run of a free-range system","volume":"113","author":"Zeltner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."}],"container-title":["Poultry Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579125011733?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579125011733?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T20:46:27Z","timestamp":1776458787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032579125011733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0032579125011733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Flocks in focus: Automated video analysis of spatial behavior for stress detection in aviary-housed laying hens","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Poultry Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105933","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Poultry Science Association Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105933"}}