{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:21:56Z","timestamp":1783444916721,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32573430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32573430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Poultry Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T16:45:34Z","timestamp":1769186734000},"page":"106511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gelsemium elegans extract powder alleviates high stocking density-related adverse effects in broilers via immune-intestinal microbiota synergistic mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Xiao-qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-dan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang-yu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411236","article-title":"Glycine: the smallest anti-inflammatory micronutrient","volume":"24","author":"Aguayo-Cer\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-024-00782-6","article-title":"Guanidinoacetic acid supplementation and stocking density effects on broiler performance: behavior, biochemistry, immunity, and small intestinal histomorphology","volume":"66","author":"Alaa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.876078","article-title":"Myostatin and its regulation: a comprehensive review of Myostatin inhibiting strategies","volume":"13","author":"Baig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.2023023","article-title":"Effect of dietary gelsemium elegans benth. Extract on the growth, slaughter performance, meat quality, intestinal morphology, and microflora of yellow-feathered chickens","volume":"60","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00776-2","article-title":"Dietary organic acids ameliorate high stocking density stress-induced intestinal inflammation through the restoration of intestinal microbiota in broilers","volume":"13","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1542059","article-title":"Effects of high stocking density on the growth performance, intestinal health and bile salts composition of broiler chickens","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132074","article-title":"Environmental complexity and reduced stocking density promote positive behavioral outcomes in broiler chickens","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01311","article-title":"Effects of stocking density on the growth performance and digestive microbiota of broiler chickens","volume":"90","author":"Guardia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051877","article-title":"Aspirin eugenol ester alleviates energy metabolism disorders by reducing oxidative damage and inflammation in the livers of broilers under high-stocking-density stress","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101243","article-title":"Short- and long-term consequences of stocking density during rearing on the immune system and welfare of laying hens","volume":"100","author":"Hofmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0011","article-title":"Gene expression profile analysis of ileum transcriptomes in pigs fed Gelsemium elegans plants","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0012","first-page":"1192","article-title":"Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomicsto comprehensively evaluate the metabolic effects of gelsemium elegans on","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigs. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13507","article-title":"Functional modulation of glycine receptors by the alkaloid gelsemine","volume":"173","author":"Lara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.02.001","article-title":"Effect of the sulfation pattern of sea cucumber-derived fucoidan oligosaccharides on modulating metabolic syndromes and gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by HFD in mice","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03035-2","article-title":"BAFF-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in B cells","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7145","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237145","article-title":"Gelsemium elegans benth: chemical components, pharmacological effects, and toxicity mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1002\/brx2.46","article-title":"The antianxiety effects of koumine and gelsemine, two main active components in the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Gelsemium: a comprehensive review","volume":"1","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain-X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0019","article-title":"Koumine suppresses IL-1\u03b2 secretion and attenuates inflammation associated with blocking ROS\/NF-\u03bab\/NLRP3 axis in macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nri844","article-title":"BAFF: a fundamental survival factor for B cells","volume":"2","author":"Mackay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2426107122","article-title":"Androgen receptors in corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons mediate the sexual dimorphism in restraint-induced thymic atrophy","volume":"122","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. u S. a"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.07.010","article-title":"Pharmacological effect of gelsemine on anxiety-like behavior in rat","volume":"253","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101231","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of methionine mitigates oxidative stress in broilers under high stocking density","volume":"100","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0024","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Nutritional requirements for yellow-feathered broilers (NY\/T 3645-2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0025","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Feeding management regulations of yellow-feathered chicken (NY\/T 1871-2010)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0026","unstructured":"National Chicken Council, 2005. Animal Welfare for Broiler chickens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.3.363","article-title":"Model of physiological stress in chickens 1. Response parameters","volume":"79","author":"Puvadolpirod","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00267-8","article-title":"Pharmacological effect and toxicity of alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans benth","volume":"89","author":"Rujjanawate","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1517142","article-title":"Growth performance, behavior, gene expression, carcass characteristics, stress indicators, and economical parameters of avian 48 broiler chickens raised under three different stocking density","volume":"12","author":"Sakr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.01.014","article-title":"Gelsemine and koumine, principal active ingredients of Gelsemium, exhibit mechanical antiallodynia via spinal glycine receptor activation-induced allopregnanolone biosynthesis","volume":"161","author":"Shoaib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-65-21-2022","article-title":"Dietary strategies to alleviate high-stocking-density-induced stress in broiler chickens \u2013 a comprehensive review","volume":"65","author":"Sugiharto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Breed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102603","article-title":"Fast- and slower-growing broilers respond similarly to a reduction in stocking density with regard to gait, hock burn, skin lesions, cleanliness, and performance","volume":"102","author":"van der Eijk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.05969","article-title":"Corticosterone-induced negative feedback mechanisms within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis of the chicken","volume":"185","author":"Vandenborne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0033","article-title":"Effects of dietary koumine on growth performance, intestinal morphology, microbiota, and intestinal transcriptional responses of cyprinus carpio","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.09.026","article-title":"Effects of different stocking densities on tracheal barrier function and its metabolic changes in finishing broilers","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poul. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02438C","article-title":"Lentinan modulates intestinal microbiota and enhances barrier integrity in a piglet model challenged with lipopolysaccharide","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050030","article-title":"Glycine: a new anti-inflammatory immunonutrient","volume":"56","author":"Wheeler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01533G","article-title":"Crocin-I ameliorates the disruption of lipid metabolism and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota induced by chronic corticosterone in mice","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1021\/np5009619","article-title":"Koumine, Humantenine, and Yohimbane alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans","volume":"78","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030430","article-title":"Koumine attenuates lipopolysaccaride-stimulated inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages, coincidentally associated with inhibition of NF-\u03bab, ERK and p38 pathways","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8325102","article-title":"Immunoregulatory effect of Koumine on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease rats","volume":"2019","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2021.h556","article-title":"Impacts of stocking density rates on welfare, growth, and hemato-biochemical profile in broiler chickens","volume":"8","author":"Zabir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s44280-024-00061-z","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of eight gelsemium elegans benth alkaloids in human plasma and urine","volume":"2","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health Adv."}],"container-title":["Poultry Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579126001380?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579126001380?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:16:26Z","timestamp":1775247386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032579126001380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0032579126001380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gelsemium elegans extract powder alleviates high stocking density-related adverse effects in broilers via immune-intestinal microbiota synergistic mechanisms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Poultry Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106511","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Poultry Science Association Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106511"}}