{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T20:07:47Z","timestamp":1789243667129,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Poultry Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:54:03Z","timestamp":1778136843000},"page":"107092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First report of seropositivity to pathogenic Leptospira in backyard hens: potential poultry health issue and zoonotic risk"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Carvajal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Az\u00f3car-Aedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8148-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0001","article-title":"Evaluation of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira spp. in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) on Magdalena Island, Chile","volume":"16","author":"Acosta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0003","article-title":"Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona in a dairy cattle farm in a multi-host zootechnical system","volume":"9","author":"Aliberti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1637\/11413-032416-Review.1","article-title":"Review of nonfoodborne zoonotic and potentially zoonotic poultry diseases","volume":"60","author":"Agunos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0005","first-page":"97","article-title":"Basic aspects and epidemiological studies on leptospirosis carried out in animals in Chile: a bibliographic review","volume":"8","author":"Az\u00f3car-Aedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0006","article-title":"Seropositivity for pathogenic Leptospira in dogs, cats, and horses at a teaching veterinary hospital in southern Chile","volume":"10","author":"Az\u00f3car-Aedo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040601","article-title":"Detection of antibodies for pathogenic Leptospira in wild mammals and birds from southern Chile - first record of seropositivity in a gui\u00f1a (Leopardus guigna)","volume":"14","author":"Balc\u00e1zar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-026-04722-7","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis: a review of species classifications, genomes, morphological structures, antimicrobial resistances, transmissions, and clinical manifestations","volume":"83","author":"Bilung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-36","article-title":"Zoonoses in pet birds: review and perspectives","volume":"44","author":"Bosert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0010","author":"Behravesh"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0011","series-title":"Basic Epidemiology","author":"Beaglehole","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-67-16230","article-title":"Experimental leptospirosis infection in chickens","volume":"67","author":"Bernkopf","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091167","article-title":"Leptospirosis and the environment: a review and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Bradley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0014","first-page":"189","article-title":"Leptospiral genomics and pathogenesis","volume":"415","author":"Bulach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0015","series-title":"Veterinarian Thesis","article-title":"Seropositividad de Leptospira pat\u00f3gena en felinos dom\u00e9sticos en la Regi\u00f3n de Los Lagos, Chile","author":"Carvajal","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0016","first-page":"49","article-title":"Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance","volume":"46","year":"1997","journal-title":"Morb. Mort. Week. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0360110","article-title":"Experimental infection of birds with Leptospira Pomona present in bovine urine and preliminary studies on their role in transmission of leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Chalquest","year":"1957","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0018","article-title":"Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Conan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0020","series-title":"Proc 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics","article-title":"Win Epi: working in Epidemiology, an online epidemiological tool","author":"De Blas","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0021","series-title":"Veterinary Epidemiologic Research","author":"Dohoo","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.69936\/en12y0025","article-title":"Implementing the one Health approach to emerging zoonotic diseases: bridging surveillance, sustainability and global governance","volume":"2","author":"Dunga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0023","article-title":"Molecular and histopathological survey of Francisella spp., Borrelia spp. and Leptospira spp. in ornamental birds of four provinces of Iran","volume":"35","author":"Enferadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0024","series-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"Faine","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300265","article-title":"Strengthening community capacity to participate in making decisions to reduce disproportionate environmental exposures","volume":"101","author":"Freudenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0026","series-title":"Leptospirosis. Pages 448-463 in: Enfermedades. Infecciosas Del perro y el Gato","author":"Greene","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0027","first-page":"2","article-title":"Establishment of valid laboratory case definition for human leptospirosis","volume":"3","author":"Goris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0028","first-page":"430","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"472\u2013478","author":"Guerra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007374","article-title":"Genus-wide Leptospira core genome multilocus sequence typing for strain taxonomy and global surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0030","first-page":"65","article-title":"Leptospirosis in humans","volume":"387","author":"Haake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13965","article-title":"Global distribution of Leptospira serovar isolations and detections from animal host species: a systematic review and online database","volume":"29","author":"Hagedoorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.06.015","article-title":"Characterization of backyard poultry production systems and disease risk in the central zone of Chile","volume":"93","author":"Hamilton-West","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.185700","article-title":"Biostatistics series module 4: comparing groups- categorical variables","volume":"61","author":"Hazra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-006-4425-1","article-title":"Husbandry and trade of indigenous chickens in Myanmar\u2013results of a participatory rural appraisal in the Yangon and the Mandalay divisions","volume":"38","author":"Henning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0035","series-title":"Metodolog\u00eda de la Investigaci\u00f3n","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0036","article-title":"Existencias animales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Censo Agropecuario"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics\u2019 era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cair.2004.08.001","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a forgotten zoonosis?","volume":"4","author":"Levett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdp043","article-title":"What causes H5N1 avian influenza? Lay perceptions of H5N1 etiology in South East and East Asia","volume":"31","author":"Liao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0041","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a re-emerging infection","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malays. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.35172\/rvz.2017.v24.708","article-title":"Principal zoonoses in small animals: a brief review","volume":"24","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Zootecn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106675","article-title":"Early diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis: optimizing clinical outcomes","volume":"92","author":"Limothai","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.15212\/ZOONOSES-2025-0003","article-title":"Relationship between Microscopic Agglutination Test and Real-Time PCR assay for detection of seropositivity of pathogenic Leptospira infections in cattle in Chile: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Loebel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zoonoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0046","series-title":"Informe Epidemiol\u00f3gico Anual Leptospirosis 2021","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1\u20131000120","key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0047","article-title":"Leptospira: morphology, classification and pathogenesis","author":"Mohammed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.29393\/CHJAAS40-29SCTA30029","article-title":"Seroprevalence of pathogenic Leptospira, infecting serogroups and antibody titers detected in horses from Los Lagos Region, Southern Chile","volume":"40","author":"Moreno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chil. J. Agric. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012042","article-title":"Navigating cross-reactivity and host species effects in a serological assay: a case study of the microscopic agglutination test for Leptospira serology","volume":"18","author":"Mummah","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: a challenge","volume":"46","author":"Musso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0051","first-page":"359","article-title":"Taxonomy and phylogenomics of Leptospira","author":"Nieves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phylogenom. Found. Meth. Pathog. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0052","series-title":"Application of Quantitative Methods in Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Noordhuizen","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12247","article-title":"Zoonotic public health hazards in backyard chickens","volume":"63","author":"Pohjola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091405","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases: etiology, impact, and control","volume":"8","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0056","series-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 4.4.2)","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020145","article-title":"Leptospiral infection, pathogenesis and its diagnosis - a review","volume":"10","author":"Samrot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0058","first-page":"269","article-title":"Frequency of canine leptospirosis in dogs attending veterinary practices determined through microscopic agglutination test and comparison with isolation and immunofluorescence techniques","volume":"39","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0059","series-title":"An Introduction to Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Stevenson","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009959","article-title":"Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"16","author":"Stone","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.06.0258","article-title":"A global one health perspective on leptospirosis in humans and animals","volume":"260","author":"Sykes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0062","first-page":"353","article-title":"The role of birds in the epidemiology of leptospirosis","volume":"17","author":"Torten","year":"1965","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4206\/ajvs.57.09","article-title":"Serosurveillance of pathogenic Leptospira in ruminants from a veterinary teaching hospital","volume":"57","author":"Uribe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Austral. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2022.0022","article-title":"A review of zoonotic disease threats to pet owners: a compendium of measures to prevent zoonotic diseases associated with non-traditional pets such as rodents and other small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, backyard poultry, and other selected animals","volume":"22","author":"Varela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270","article-title":"Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics","volume":"13","author":"Vincent","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12254","article-title":"Backyard poultry: legislation, zoonoses and disease prevention","volume":"55","author":"Whitehead","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092_bib0068","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107724","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000}}],"container-title":["Poultry Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579126007212?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579126007212?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T02:57:39Z","timestamp":1784689059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032579126007212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0032579126007212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"First report of seropositivity to pathogenic Leptospira in backyard hens: potential poultry health issue and zoonotic risk","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Poultry Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107092","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Poultry Science Association Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107092"}}