{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:04:55Z","timestamp":1789571095975,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022603","name":"DSM Nutritional Products","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022603","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Poultry Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:17:09Z","timestamp":1782404229000},"page":"107337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blood acid\/base balance in poultry: Dietary, environmental, and physiological determinants and emerging diagnostic opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"A.J.","family":"Cowieson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9207-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-2239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Milanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9485-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U.M.","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0634-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/poultry1020012","article-title":"Evaluation of growing turkey blood biochemistry panel measured using the VetScan VS2","volume":"1","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poultry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2025.2526346","article-title":"The anion gap as a predictive tool for morbidity and mortality","volume":"62","author":"Alter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.09.052","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on performance, blood chemistry, and hypothalamic and pituitary mRNA expression in broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"Beckford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45647-0","article-title":"Purification and properties of an avian carbonic anhydrase from the erythrocytes of Gallus domesticus","volume":"247","author":"Bernstein","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v93i6.128912","article-title":"Relationship between serum biochemical parameters and kidney lesions in broiler chickens with severe acute tubular necrosis","volume":"93","author":"Bideshki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim.Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933907001286","article-title":"Acid\/base balance in broilers","volume":"63","author":"Borges","year":"2007","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0640107","article-title":"The effect of tap water, carbonated water, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride on blood acid\/base balance in cockerels subjected to heat stress","volume":"64","author":"Bottje","year":"1985","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0651659","article-title":"Use of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in acute heat exposure in broilers","volume":"65","author":"Branton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.222.3.617","article-title":"Function of mammalian-type and reptilian-type nephrons in kidney of desert quail","volume":"222","author":"Braun","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0530378","article-title":"The response of blood ionic constituents and acid\/base balance to dietary sodium, potassium, and chloride in laying fowls","volume":"53","author":"Cohen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00248","article-title":"Acid\/base balance of the domestic turkey during thermal panting","volume":"86","author":"Comito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103859","article-title":"Dynamic responses of blood metabolites to nutrient depletion and repletion in broiler chicken nutrition","volume":"103","author":"Cowieson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1982.142","article-title":"The kidney of chicken adapts to chronic metabolic acidosis: In vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"22","author":"Craan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2024.100408","article-title":"Effect of brooding conditions on the blood chemistry and performance of turkey poults","volume":"33","author":"Crespo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(03)00135-1","article-title":"Regulation of renal proximal and distal tubule transport: sodium, chloride and organic anions","volume":"136","author":"Dantzler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669208417527","article-title":"Excess sodium bicarbonate in the diet and its effect on leghorn chickens","volume":"33","author":"Davison","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101102","article-title":"Partial replacement of sodium chloride with sodium bicarbonate or sodium sulfate in laying hen diets improves laying performance and eggshell quality and ultrastructure","volume":"100","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1984.sp002796","article-title":"Effects of body temperature on ventilation, blood gases, and acid\/base balance in exercising fowl","volume":"69","author":"Gleeson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0591294","article-title":"Effects of sodium plus potassium to chloride ratio in practical-type diets on blood gas levels in three strains of White Leghorn hens and the relationship between acid\/base balance and eggshell strength","volume":"59","author":"Hamilton","year":"1980","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19880003","article-title":"Interrelationships between eggshell quality, blood acid\/base balance, and dietary electrolytes","volume":"44","author":"Hughes","year":"1988","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103956","article-title":"Responses of blood acid\/base balance and plasma metabolomics to diets high in free amino acids in broiler chickens","volume":"103","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2023.100400","article-title":"Stocking density within chick transport boxes: Effects on leghorn chick stress and box microclimate","volume":"33","author":"Jhetam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.603284","article-title":"Effect of limestone particle size and potassium supplementation on growth performance, blood physiology, and breast muscle myopathy of male broiler chickens","volume":"7","author":"Joardar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0025","first-page":"235","article-title":"Effects of low-chloride and high-bicarbonate diets on growth, blood parameters, and pulmonary hypertensive response in broiler chickens reared at high altitude","volume":"75","author":"Khajali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gefl\u00fcgelkd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.1989.7","article-title":"Effects of lysine level and Na+K\u2013Cl ratio on lysine\u2013arginine antagonism, blood pH, blood acid\/base parameters, and growth performance in broiler chicks","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"1989","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14071076","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on laying performance, egg quality, and physiological responses of laying hens","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0542038","article-title":"Acid\/base balance, plasma electrolytes, and production performance of adult turkey hens under increasing ambient temperature","volume":"54","author":"Kohne","year":"1975","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0029","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effects of sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride supplementation on some blood biochemical parameters in laying hens","volume":"16","author":"Kurtoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Eur. Symp. Poult. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(02)00029-4","article-title":"Avian renal disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Lierz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Exot. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04400","article-title":"Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood biochemistry","volume":"6","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2022.807267","article-title":"Effects of heat stress, dietary electrolytes, and vitamins E and C on growth performance and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens","volume":"3","author":"Livingston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071865","article-title":"Effects of acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate supplementation in drinking water on growth performance and hematological parameters of broilers","volume":"11","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459308418938","article-title":"Effects of excess sodium bicarbonate on blood volume and erythrocyte deformability in broiler chickens","volume":"22","author":"Mirsalimi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933913000846","article-title":"Electrolytes, dietary electrolyte balance, and salts in broilers: an updated review","volume":"69","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2013","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(72)90040-0","article-title":"Determination of the normal buffer line for chicken blood","volume":"14","author":"Nightingale","year":"1972","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0037","first-page":"979","article-title":"Effects of varying dietary Na\/K ratio and electrolyte balance on growth, blood gases, hematological variables, ionized calcium, and carcass traits in broiler chickens","volume":"17","author":"Nursoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.7.1266","article-title":"Stress and acid\/base balance in broiler chickens","volume":"85","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.7.1363","article-title":"Electrolyte diets, stress, and acid\/base balance in broiler chickens","volume":"86","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-61-425-2018","article-title":"Effects of stocking density on behavior, blood biochemistry, and immune responses in meat ducks exposed to heat stress","volume":"61","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Breed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0041","first-page":"4","article-title":"Roles of key electrolytes in balancing blood acid\/base and nutrients in broiler chickens under tropical conditions","volume":"12","author":"Popoola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105187","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease: Pathogenesis, adverse outcomes, and treatment effects","volume":"25","author":"Raphael","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00247","article-title":"Influence of dietary electrolyte balance and microbial phytase on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, and excreta quality of broiler chickens","volume":"87","author":"Ravindran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0044","article-title":"Evaluation and establishment of reference intervals using the i-STAT 1 blood chemistry analyzer in turkeys","volume":"102","author":"Ripplinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0721054","article-title":"Effects of selected minerals on the acid\/base balance of growing chicks","volume":"72","author":"Ruiz-Lopez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0721693","article-title":"Effects of selected minerals on acid\/base balance and tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens","volume":"72","author":"Ruiz-Lopez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.060","article-title":"Comparison of portable and conventional laboratory analyzers for biochemical tests in chickens","volume":"100","author":"Ruiz-Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1637\/21-00011","article-title":"Establishment of age-specific whole blood biochemistry and gas reference intervals in broiler chickens using the i-STAT and the VetScan VS2 portable analyzers","volume":"66","author":"Ruiz-Jimenez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.9.1287","article-title":"Comparative effects of sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, or potassium bicarbonate in drinking water and feed restriction on ascites development in broilers","volume":"77","author":"Shlosberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660120048465","article-title":"Effects of dietary chloride and bicarbonate on blood pH, hematological variables, pulmonary hypertension, and ascites in broiler chickens","volume":"42","author":"Squires","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.42.110","article-title":"Progressive alterations in core temperature, respiration, and blood acid\/base balance in broiler chickens exposed to acute heat stress","volume":"42","author":"Toyomizu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.4.560","article-title":"Dietary sodium bicarbonate, cool temperatures, and feed withdrawal: Impact on arterial and venous blood gas values in broilers","volume":"82","author":"Wideman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0053","first-page":"54877","article-title":"Comprehensive review on visceral gout in commercial broilers","volume":"62","author":"Yousaf","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sci. Tech. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2025.100465","article-title":"The blood biochemical parameters intervals and dynamics in modern chickens","volume":"29","author":"Zalesakova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Poultry Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579126009685?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579126009685?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:34:40Z","timestamp":1789569280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032579126009685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0032579126009685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Blood acid\/base balance in poultry: Dietary, environmental, and physiological determinants and emerging diagnostic opportunities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Poultry Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107337","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Poultry Science Association Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107337"}}