{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:32:45Z","timestamp":1793115165081,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Poultry Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:46:37Z","timestamp":1787240797000},"page":"107669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Full thickness three-dimensional mapping of neuronal populations within the avian enteric nervous system"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7699-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Caputi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6004-596X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samiru S.","family":"Wickramasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0268-967X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Bacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Lyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104928108","article-title":"Interaction of survival of motor neuron (SMN) and HuD proteins with mRNA cpg15 rescues motor neuron axonal deficits","volume":"108","author":"Akten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00209139","article-title":"Avian enteric nerve plexuses. A histochemical study","volume":"189","author":"Ali","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.1979.tb00813.x","article-title":"Neuron number in the intestinal myenteric plexus of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus)","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0004","first-page":"348","article-title":"Variations in neuron size in the avian intestinal myenteric plexus","volume":"147","author":"Ali","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anat. Anz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004167416731","article-title":"Quantitative distribution of NADPH-diaphorase-positive myenteric neurons in different segments of the developing chicken small intestine and colon","volume":"32","author":"Bagyanszki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Histochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092430103","article-title":"Distribution and colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase activity, nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity, and VIP immunoreactivity in the newly hatched chicken gut","volume":"243","author":"Balaskas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524003167","article-title":"Nutrient digestion efficiency: a comparison between broiler chickens and growing pigs fed maize, barley and oats-based diets with an emphasis on starch","volume":"133","author":"Bassi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21429","article-title":"Slits and robos in the developing chicken inner ear","volume":"237","author":"Battisti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0217-16.2016","article-title":"Extracellular molecular markers and soma size of inhibitory neurons: evidence for four subtypes of GABAergic cells in the inferior colliculus","volume":"36","author":"Beebe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20082003","article-title":"Nitrergic enteric neurons in health and disease-focus on animal models","volume":"20","author":"Bodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00268998","article-title":"Appearance and some neurochemical features of nitrergic neurons in the developing quail digestive tract","volume":"101","author":"Boros","year":"1994","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13560","article-title":"Comparative analysis reveals Ce3D as optimal clearing method for in toto imaging of the mouse intestine","volume":"31","author":"Bossolani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238643","article-title":"Immunoreactive substance P in the chicken gut: distribution, development and possible functional significance","volume":"216","author":"Brodin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106563","article-title":"Functional role of the enteric nervous system in poultry intestinal health and production","volume":"105","author":"Caputi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277746","article-title":"Embryogenesis of the peristaltic reflex","volume":"597","author":"Chevalier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(98)10069-X","article-title":"Purification, characterisation and distribution of ovine neuronal nitric oxide synthase","volume":"120","author":"Crack","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02374-4","article-title":"Nuclear depletion of RNA-binding protein ELAVL3 (HuC) in sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"142","author":"Diaz-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.02.045","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging of the enteric nervous system in Human pediatric colon reveals new features of Hirschsprung's disease","volume":"167","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.7.3396","article-title":"Neuronal nitric oxide synthase alternatively spliced forms: prominent functional localizations in the brain","volume":"94","author":"Eliasson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903210108","article-title":"Development and birthdates of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactive neurons in the chick proventriculus","volume":"321","author":"Epstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20937","article-title":"Characterization of glucagon-expressing neurons in the chicken retina","volume":"496","author":"Fischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.32","article-title":"The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology","volume":"9","author":"Furness","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0023","first-page":"G922","article-title":"Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut. II. The intestine as a sensory organ: neural, endocrine, and immune responses","volume":"277","author":"Furness","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318629","article-title":"Calbindin neurons of the guinea-pig small intestine: quantitative analysis of their numbers and projections","volume":"260","author":"Furness","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341408","article-title":"Structure of the musculature of the chicken small intestine","volume":"171","author":"Gabella","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00572533","article-title":"On the nerve plexus of the chicken gizzard","volume":"177","author":"Gabella","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31818535e8","article-title":"A bird's eye view of enteric nervous system development: lessons from the avian embryo","volume":"64","author":"Goldstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.035","article-title":"Robust, 3-dimensional visualization of Human colon enteric nervous system without tissue sectioning","volume":"158","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0264.1999.00221.x","article-title":"Histochemical study of the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd)-positive neurons in the chicken caecum","volume":"28","author":"Hiramatsu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107109","article-title":"Meta-analysis of dietary and animal factors influencing mean retention time of digesta in the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract","volume":"105","author":"Hong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0031","article-title":"Proliferation dynamics of enterocytes: implications for intestinal barrier function, performance, health, and welfare in broiler chickens","volume":"105","author":"Hossain","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03469-3","article-title":"Transplanted ENSCs form functional connections with intestinal smooth muscle and restore colonic motility in nNOS-deficient mice","volume":"14","author":"Hotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0033","article-title":"Comparative analysis of gastrointestinal morphology and enteric nervous system organization in mallard, tufted duck, and green-winged teal","volume":"15","author":"Janicka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animal. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-013-9545-0","article-title":"Expression of aquaporin-4 water channels in the digestive tract of the guinea pig","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0156-4","article-title":"High-dimensional cell-level analysis of tissues with Ce3D multiplex volume imaging","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.03.002","article-title":"Water channel proteins in the peripheral nervous system in health and disease","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86917-5","article-title":"The association of enteric neuropathy with gut phenotypes in acute and progressive models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"11","author":"McQuade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14440","article-title":"How big is the little brain in the gut? Neuronal numbers in the enteric nervous system of mice, Guinea pig, and human","volume":"34","author":"Michel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091547","article-title":"Luminal sweet sensing and enteric nervous system participate in regulation of intestinal glucose transporter, GLUT2","volume":"17","author":"Moran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.07.004","article-title":"Large intestinal dynamics differ between fowl and swine: anatomical modifications, microbial collaboration, and digestive advantages from fibrolytic enzymes","volume":"11","author":"Moran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0041","article-title":"RET overactivation leads to concurrent Hirschsprung disease and intestinal ganglioneuromas","volume":"147","author":"Nagy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307674100","article-title":"Increase of the RNA-binding protein HuD and posttranscriptional up-regulation of the GAP-43 gene during spatial memory","volume":"101","author":"Pascale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-008-0684-7","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of neuron types in the mouse small intestine","volume":"334","author":"Qu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0190070","article-title":"Age-related regulation of active amino acid transport in the ileum of broiler chickens","volume":"57","author":"Shibata","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn676","article-title":"Splice variants of neuronal nitric oxide synthase are present in the rat kidney","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. TransPlant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0046","article-title":"Enteroendocrine cells sense sucrose and alter enteric neuron excitability via insulin signaling","volume":"9","author":"Snyder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0047","article-title":"Neurochemical metabolic pathways display regional and age-specific expression patterns in the chicken intestinal tract","volume":"105","author":"Wickramasuriya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1300005","article-title":"Quantitative changes of nitrergic neurons during postnatal development of chicken myenteric plexus","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang. Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.03.050","article-title":"Intestinal bacteria maintain adult enteric nervous system and nitrergic neurons via toll-like receptor 2-induced neurogenesis in mice","volume":"159","author":"Yarandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Poultry Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579126013039?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0032579126013039?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:35:11Z","timestamp":1793111711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0032579126013039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0032579126013039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5791","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Full thickness three-dimensional mapping of neuronal populations within the avian enteric nervous system","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Poultry Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107669","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Poultry Science Association Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107669"}}