{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:44:55Z","timestamp":1779126295010,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,6]],"date-time":"2004-12-06T19:30:37Z","timestamp":1102361437000},"page":"119-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and Tourette's syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Norbert","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Blendinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Oberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enno","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Abele-Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1086\/313671","article-title":"Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and local immune response, reply","volume":"30","author":"Abele-Horn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.7.1155","article-title":"Encephalitis lethargica like illness in a girl with mycoplasma infection","volume":"38","author":"Al-Mateen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13620.x","article-title":"Interleukin-2 modulates evoked release of [3H]dopamine in rat cultured mesencephalic cells","volume":"61","author":"Alonso","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib4","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110322","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae postinfectious encephalomyelitis with bilateral striatal necrosis","volume":"11","author":"Brandel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91468-8","article-title":"Stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha production by mycoplasmal and inhibition by dexamethasone in cultured astrocytes","volume":"608","author":"Brenner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91814-7","article-title":"Mycoplasma triggering of nitric oxide production by central nervous system glial cells and its inhibition by glucocorticoids","volume":"641","author":"Brenner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.9.3916-3921.1994","article-title":"Induced mouse spleen B-cell proliferation and secretion of immunoglobulin by lipid-associated membering proteins of Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus and Mycoplasma penetrans","volume":"62","author":"Feng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00396-4","article-title":"Treatment of dystonia in striatal necrosis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.10.1459","article-title":"Symptom exacerbation of vocal tics and other symptoms associated with streptococcal pharyngitis in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics","volume":"155","author":"Greenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(86)90097-3","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. A post mortem neuropathological and immunohistochemical study","volume":"15","author":"Haber","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib12","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Neurological complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections","volume":"155","author":"Hagelskjaer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ugeskrift f\u00fcr l\u00e6ger"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib13","first-page":"248","article-title":"Persistenz von Chlamydia trachomatis bei chronisch persitierender Konjunktivitis","volume":"88","author":"Haller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00028-9","article-title":"Rate of tic disorders and obsessive compulsive symptomatology in families of children and adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Hebebrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000972","article-title":"Is Tourette's syndrome an autoimmune disease?","volume":"7","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib16","first-page":"83","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae virulence factors and the immune response","volume":"2","author":"Jacobs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"Suppl. I","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.Supplement_1.S79","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections: a critical review of current procedures","volume":"17","author":"Jacobs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(88)90098-8","article-title":"Host reactions to M. pneumoniae infections in guinea pigs preimmunized systematically with the adhesin of this pathogen","volume":"5","author":"Jacobs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Microbiology of Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100419","article-title":"Reversible parkinsonism and dystonia following probable Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530320106020","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome. A possible role for hormonal and excitatory neurotransmitter influences in brain development","volume":"49","author":"Kurlan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880180407","article-title":"Anti-Gal-A antibody in autoimmune neuropathies subsequent to Mycoplasma infection","volume":"18","author":"Kusunoki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Muscle and Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199612000-00015","article-title":"Acute bilateral striatal necrosis associated with M. pneumoniae infection","volume":"15","author":"Larsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib23","series-title":"Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders","first-page":"55","article-title":"Clinical assessment of tic disorder severity","author":"Leckman","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(02)00421-2","article-title":"Serological evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbation of COPD","volume":"44","author":"Lieberman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/00365549850160954","article-title":"Evaluation of meridian Immunocard Mycoplasma test for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific IgM in paediatric patients","volume":"30","author":"Matas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)02658-9","article-title":"Differentiation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"70","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150050216","article-title":"Immunoglobulin-therapy in Gilles-de-laTourette-Syndrome","volume":"68","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00125-6","article-title":"Increased anti-streptococcal antibodies in patients with Tourette syndrome","volume":"94","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.3.481-a","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection","volume":"157","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00215-3","article-title":"Increased titers of antibodies against streptococcal M 12 and M 19 proteins in patients with Tourette's syndrome","volume":"101","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(02)00260-9","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome and schizophrenia\u2014comorbidity and common biological aspects","volume":"26","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.356","article-title":"Prospective identification and treatment of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS)","volume":"156","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1086\/322709","article-title":"Two distinct patterns of central nervous system complications due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"33","author":"Narita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199503000-00013","article-title":"Analysis of mycoplasmal central nervous system involvement by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"14","author":"Narita","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(96)00106-2","article-title":"Postinfectious encephalitis with anti-Galactocerebroside antibody subsequent to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"140","author":"Nishimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(96)89518-2","article-title":"Acute basal ganglia necrosis with favorable course during Mycoplasma encephalitis","volume":"3","author":"Noseda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610163151604","article-title":"The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors. Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission","volume":"315","author":"Pauls","year":"1996","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12297-3","article-title":"Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood","volume":"354","author":"Perlmutter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.941","article-title":"Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images","volume":"43","author":"Peterson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00350.x","article-title":"Post-infectious central and peripheral nervous system diseases complicating Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","volume":"9","author":"Pfausler","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78357-4","article-title":"Lyme disease presenting as Tourette's disorder","volume":"351","author":"Riedel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90741-6","article-title":"Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"ii","author":"Saikku","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-4-273","article-title":"Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart study","volume":"116","author":"Saikku","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.10.2150","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection may cause striatal lesions leading to acute neurologic dysfunction","volume":"43","author":"Saitoh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300408","article-title":"Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem sriatum from patients with Tourette's syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Singer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E31","DOI":"10.1086\/318446","article-title":"Neurological symptoms in patients whose cerebrospinal fluid is culture- and\/or polymerase chain reaction-positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae","volume":"32","author":"Socan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120410","article-title":"Internally and externally triggered saccades in Gilles-de-la-Tourette syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Straube","year":"1997","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.1.110","article-title":"Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever","volume":"154","author":"Swedo","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.5.734-738.2000","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae immunoglobulin G and A antibodies in a healthy Finnish population as analyzed by quantitative enzyme immunoassays","volume":"7","author":"Tuuminen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00250-4","article-title":"Comparison of SeroMP IgA with four other commercial assays for serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"40","author":"Watkins-Riedel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01436.x","article-title":"The immunology and immunopathology of chlamydial infections","volume":"103","author":"Ward","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90006-X","article-title":"Cytokine-specific central monoamine alterations induced by interleukin-1, -2 and -6","volume":"643","author":"Zalcman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5<1023::AID-MDS1045>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Bilateral striatal necrosis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in an adolescent: clinical and neuroradiologic follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Zambrino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178104002082?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178104002082?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]],"date-time":"2020-04-04T14:22:32Z","timestamp":1586010152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178104002082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0165178104002082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}