{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T06:09:25Z","timestamp":1770530965835,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,29]],"date-time":"2004-09-29T15:08:38Z","timestamp":1096470518000},"page":"175-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Early- versus late-onset obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: investigating genetic and clinical correlates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"S\u0131\u0302an M.J.","family":"Hemmings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig J.","family":"Kinnear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lochner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana J.H.","family":"Niehaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna C.","family":"Moolman-Smook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie A.","family":"Corfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00047-2","article-title":"Symptom subtypes of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder in behavioral treatment studies: a quantitative review","volume":"34","author":"Ball","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90075-E","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in the families of patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"42","author":"Bellodi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820050026004","article-title":"A family study of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Black","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2001.24586","article-title":"Comparison of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder patients with and without comorbid putative obsessive\u2013compulsive spectrum disorders using a structured clinical interview","volume":"42","author":"Du Toit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01040-4","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic relationship of a 5-HT2A promoter polymorphism with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Enoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB44","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interivew of DSM-IV Axis I Disorder","author":"First","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1981.tb00732.x","article-title":"The inheritance of human erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity","volume":"19","author":"Floderus","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clinical Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(00)00071-7","article-title":"Association between obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder and polymorphisms of genes encoding components of the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways","volume":"10","author":"Frisch","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199612000-00016","article-title":"Comorbidity of juvenile obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder with disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"35","author":"Geller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199804000-00020","article-title":"Is juvenile obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder a developmental subtype of the disorder? A review of the pediatric literature","volume":"37","author":"Geller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008","article-title":"The Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: II. Validity","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB13","first-page":"36","article-title":"Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: a role for dopamine in some forms of obsessive compulsive disorder?","volume":"51","author":"Goodman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950130053006","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Greist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(02)00129-3","article-title":"Investigating the role of dopaminergic and serotonergic candidate genes in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"13","author":"Hemmings","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820010021003","article-title":"Serotonergic function in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to oral m-chlorophenylpiperazine and fenfluramine in patients and healthy volunteers","volume":"49","author":"Hollander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4572","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4572","article-title":"Genotype determining low catechol-O-methyltransferase activity as a risk factor for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"94","author":"Karayiorgou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00319-9","article-title":"Family-based association studies support a sexually dimorphic effect of COMT and MAOA on genetic susceptibility to obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"45","author":"Karayiorgou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB19","series-title":"Dimensional Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Scale (D-YBOCS) (D.J. Stein, personal communication)","author":"Leckman","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015","article-title":"The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity","volume":"28","author":"Leckman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20010108)105:1<28::AID-AJMG1050>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Symptom dimensions in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: toward quantitative phenotype","volume":"105","author":"Leckman","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.6.767","article-title":"A hypervariable segment in the human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene","volume":"2","author":"Lichter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4202","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00013a008","article-title":"Kinetics of human soluble and membrane-bound catechol O-methyltransferase: a revised mechanism and description of the thermolabile variant of the enzyme","volume":"34","author":"Lotta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1409","article-title":"Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"156","author":"Mataix-Cols","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB25","first-page":"43","article-title":"The tic-related obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder phenotype and treatment implications","volume":"85","author":"Miguel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10034","article-title":"Association between the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"116","author":"Millet","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.7.1160","article-title":"Is the 5-HT1D\u03b2 receptor gene implicated in the pathogenesis of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder?","volume":"157","author":"Mundo","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.358","article-title":"A family study of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"57","author":"Nestadt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1086\/316898","article-title":"Complex segregation analysis provides compelling evidence for a major gene underlying obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder and for heterogeneity by sex","volume":"67","author":"Nestadt","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.30.8.634","article-title":"Association versus linkage studies in psychosis genetics","volume":"30","author":"N\u00f6then","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.76","article-title":"A family study of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"152","author":"Pauls","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB32","first-page":"10","article-title":"Epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"51","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1899","article-title":"Adults with early-onset obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"158","author":"Rosario-Campos","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1995.tb01608.x","article-title":"Monte Carlo tests for associations between disease and alleles at highly polymorphic loci","volume":"59","author":"Sham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Human Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1159\/000154150","article-title":"New polymorphism for the human serotonin 1D receptor variant (5-HT1D\u03b2) not linked to schizophrenia in five Canadian pedigrees","volume":"43","author":"Sidenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Heredity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00350-5","article-title":"Molecular genetic and family studies in affective disorders: state of the art","volume":"62","author":"Souery","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB37","first-page":"123","article-title":"Low-dose pimozide augmentation of serotonin reuptake blockers in the treatment of trichotillomania","volume":"53","author":"Stein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199503000-00002","article-title":"Meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"10","author":"Stein","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810040041007","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases","volume":"46","author":"Swedo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-7543(05)80138-7","article-title":"Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5p15.3 and displays a VNTR","volume":"14","author":"Vandenbergh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.3.338","article-title":"An MspI polymorphism in the human serotonin receptor gene (HTR2): detection by DGGE and RFLP analysis","volume":"2","author":"Warren","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30163-9","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Zohar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800230026006","article-title":"Serotonergic responsivity in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Comparison of patients and healthy controls","volume":"44","author":"Zohar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178104001192?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178104001192?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T11:36:50Z","timestamp":1682768210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178104001192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0165178104001192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}}}