{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:43:11Z","timestamp":1791934991564,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,9]],"date-time":"2006-12-09T12:14:56Z","timestamp":1165666496000},"page":"195-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Timing of clinical improvement and symptom resolution in the treatment of major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"George I.","family":"Papakostas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine G.","family":"Sklarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Nierenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Alpert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Fava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib1","series-title":"Manual for the Beck Hopelessness Scale","author":"Beck","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00116-0","article-title":"Brain pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in vivo of fluvoxamine and fluoxetine by fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"23","author":"Bolo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2000.00302.x","article-title":"Sequential improvement of anxiety, depression and anhedonia with sertraline treatment in patients with major depression","volume":"25","author":"Boyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90024-8","article-title":"The pattern of physical symptom changes in major depressive disorder following treatment with amitriptyline or imipramine","volume":"31","author":"Casper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00294-4","article-title":"Early changes in prefrontal activity characterize clinical responders to antidepressants","volume":"27","author":"Cook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700043385","article-title":"Early improvement as a predictor of response to amitriptyline and nortriptyline: a comparison of 2 patient samples","volume":"12","author":"Coryell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib7","first-page":"173","article-title":"Pattern analysis shows beneficial effect of fluoxetine treatment in mild depression","volume":"26","author":"Dunlop","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2307\/2282330","article-title":"Multiple comparisons among means","volume":"56","author":"Dunn","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of American Statistics Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib10","first-page":"162","article-title":"Double-blind treatment of major depression with fluoxetine: use of pattern analysis and relation of HAM-D score to CGI change","volume":"23","author":"Goodnick","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib12","series-title":"Frontal EEG Predicts Clinical Response to SSRI Treatment in MDD","author":"Iosifescu","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700024831","article-title":"The timing, specificity and clinical prediction of tricyclic drug effects in depression","volume":"17","author":"Katz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300341","article-title":"Onset and early behavioral effects of pharmacologically different antidepressants and placebo in depression","volume":"29","author":"Katz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib15","first-page":"268","article-title":"A symptom questionnaire","volume":"48","author":"Kellner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(89)90021-9","article-title":"Onset of response in relation to outcome in depressed outpatients with placebo and imipramine","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00832-5","article-title":"Are drug and placebo effects in depression additive?","volume":"47","author":"Kirsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib18","first-page":"29","article-title":"Characterizing onset in psychopharmacological clinical trials","volume":"31","author":"Laska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.122","article-title":"Changes in brain function of depressed subjects during treatment with placebo","volume":"159","author":"Leuchter","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01036-2","article-title":"Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression: serial changes and relationship to clinical response","volume":"48","author":"Mayberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.5.728","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of the placebo effect","volume":"159","author":"Mayberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0710","article-title":"Predictors of relapse during fluoxetine continuation or maintenance treatment of major depression","volume":"6","author":"McGrath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(91)90102-X","article-title":"Prediction of efficacy of antidepressant by 1-week test therapy in depression","volume":"23","author":"Nagayama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.10.1500","article-title":"Early nonresponse to fluoxetine as a predictor of poor 8-week outcome","volume":"152","author":"Nierenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.9.1423","article-title":"Timing of onset of antidepressant response with fluoxetine treatment","volume":"157","author":"Nierenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300405","article-title":"Placebo-controlled continuation treatment with mirtazapine: acute pattern of response predicts relapse","volume":"29","author":"Nierenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000138761.85363.d5","article-title":"Psychosocial functioning during the treatment of major depressive disorder with fluoxetine","volume":"24","author":"Papakostas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199312000-00011","article-title":"Early response patterns associated with successful clomipramine treatment","volume":"13","author":"Pollock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0201","article-title":"Is there a delay in the antidepressant effect? A meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Posternak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790190056007","article-title":"Identification of true drug response to antidepressants. Use of pattern analysis","volume":"41","author":"Quitkin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800150071009","article-title":"Use of pattern analysis to identify true drug response. A replication","volume":"44","author":"Quitkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib32","series-title":"American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans","article-title":"Onset of response to fluoxetine as assessed by the symptom questionnaire","author":"Sonawalla","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib33","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R\u2014Patient Edition (SCID-P)","author":"Spitzer","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(97)00090-4","article-title":"The speech analysis approach to determining onset of improvement under antidepressants","volume":"8","author":"Stassen","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979192","article-title":"Fluoxetine versus moclobemide: cross-comparison between the time courses of improvement","volume":"32","author":"Stassen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.4.334","article-title":"Use of pattern analysis to predict differential relapse of remitted patients with major depression during 1 year of treatment with fluoxetine or placebo","volume":"55","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0410","article-title":"Early improvement under mirtazapine and paroxetine predicts later stable response and remission with high sensitivity in patients with major depression","volume":"64","author":"Szegedi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199400940-00003","article-title":"How long to onset of antidepressant action: a meta-analysis of patients treated with fluoxetine or placebo","volume":"9","author":"Tollefson","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00306-3","article-title":"Assessing the effects of bupropion SR on mood dimensions of depression","volume":"78","author":"Tomarken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014_bib41","first-page":"223","article-title":"Patterns of improvement in depressive symptoms with fluoxetine treatment","volume":"31","author":"Worthington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178106000874?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178106000874?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T23:53:28Z","timestamp":1547164408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178106000874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0165178106000874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.03.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}