{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:38:40Z","timestamp":1788352720003,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["psy-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]],"date-time":"2013-03-08T06:17:49Z","timestamp":1362723469000},"page":"512-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The economic cost of heroin dependency and quality of life among heroin users in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"Shih-Hsien","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kao Chin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yin","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I Hui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzung Lieh","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po See","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru-Band","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Kuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701204813","article-title":"Impact of substance dependence and dual diagnosis on the quality of life of heroin users seeking treatment","volume":"43","author":"Astals","year":"2008","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9444793.x","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of methadone maintenance as a health care intervention","volume":"94","author":"Barnett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03162.x","article-title":"The income-generating behaviour of injecting drug-users in Oslo","volume":"91","author":"Bretteville-Jensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.008","article-title":"Drug use in the social networks of heroin and cocaine users before and after drug cessation","volume":"96","author":"Buchanan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib5","series-title":"National Health Insurance Annual Statistical Report 2009","author":"Bureau of National Health Insurance","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/0004867010060507","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in a methadone maintenance population","volume":"35","author":"Callaly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-292","article-title":"Prevalence of heroin and methamphetamine male users in the northern Taiwan, 1999-2002: capture-recapture estimates","volume":"7","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21481","article-title":"Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and its association with hepatitis B, C, and D virus infections among incarcerated male substance abusers in Taiwan","volume":"81","author":"Chu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-4773-0","article-title":"Content comparison of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF)","volume":"14","author":"Cieza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.08.001","article-title":"Dopamine and serotonin transporter availability in chronic heroin users: A [(123)I]beta-CIT SPECT imaging study","volume":"184","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00117-8","article-title":"Polydrug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity among heroin injectors","volume":"48","author":"Darke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.01.010","article-title":"Quality of life among opiate-dependent individuals: a review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"De Maeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.7.973","article-title":"Persons with dual diagnoses of substance abuse and major mental illness: their excess costs of psychiatric care","volume":"86","author":"Dickey","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib14","series-title":"Yearbook of Manpower Survey Statistics","author":"Directorate-General of Budget Accounting and Statistics","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib15","series-title":"Yearbook of Manpower Survey Statistics","author":"Directorate-General of Budget Accounting and Statistics","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib16","series-title":"Yearbook of Manpower Survey Statistics","author":"Directorate-General of Budget Accounting and Statistics","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib17","unstructured":"Directorate-General of Budget Accounting and Statistics, 2010. National Statistics. Retrieved from the world wide web on March 3, 2011 from. Executive Yuan, Taiwan."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.005","article-title":"Quality of life and personality disorders in heroin abusers","volume":"76","author":"Fassino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701202726","article-title":"Relationship of personality traits and drug of choice by cocaine addicts and heroin addicts","volume":"43","author":"Gerra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.05.006","article-title":"How much do Manhattan-arrestees spend on drugs?","volume":"76","author":"Golub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200208010-00011","article-title":"Risk correlates of prevalent HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among noninjecting heroin users","volume":"30","author":"Gyarmathy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.2.160","article-title":"Economic burden of drug dependency. Social costs incurred by drug users at intake to the National Treatment Outcome Research Study","volume":"173","author":"Healey","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib23","first-page":"429","article-title":"Cost-of-illness methodology: a guide to current practices and procedures. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly","volume":"60","author":"Hodgson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Health and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-8486-9","article-title":"Do the SF-36 and WHOQOL-BREF measure the same constructs? Evidence from the Taiwan population\u204e","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.2.166","article-title":"Extent and contributing factors of drug expenditure of injectors in Glasgow. Multi-site city-wide cross-sectional study","volume":"176","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-008-9351-3","article-title":"The quality of life in Japan","volume":"92","author":"Inoguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.02.032","article-title":"A validity study of the WHOQOL-BREF assessment in persons with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Jang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01134.x","article-title":"Correlation between performance on the Continuous Performance Test and economic costs in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"57","author":"Ko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/569692","article-title":"Health care costs associated with hepatitis C: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Krajden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib30","first-page":"44","article-title":"The case for considering quality of life in addiction research and clinical practice","volume":"6","author":"Laudet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction Science and Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.10.004","article-title":"The functionality and economic costs of outpatients with schizophrenia in Taiwan","volume":"158","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S576","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(11)70942-7","article-title":"Striatal dopamine transporter availability correlates with heroin expenditure: a SPECT study","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00162-9","article-title":"The economic costs of heroin addiction in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Mark","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1381.1999.09254.x","article-title":"Economic costs of substance abuse, 1995","volume":"111","author":"Rice","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib35","first-page":"280","article-title":"Estimates of economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness, 1985 and 1988","volume":"106","author":"Rice","year":"1991","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080802487309","article-title":"An economic analysis of income and expenditures by heroin-using research volunteers","volume":"44","author":"Roddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790340050008","article-title":"Untreated opiate addicts. How do they differ from those seeking treatment?","volume":"42","author":"Rounsaville","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90095-7","article-title":"Suspected determinants of enrollment into detoxification and methadone maintenance treatment among injecting drug users","volume":"36","author":"Schutz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(06)80006-2","article-title":"Risk behaviors and HIV hepatitis B, and hepatitis C seroprevalence among injection drug users in Georgia","volume":"82","author":"Shapatava","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"Suppl 20, 22-33","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib40","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-004-8028-9","article-title":"Economic stress, emotional quality of life, and problem behavior in Chinese adolescents with and without economic disadvantage","volume":"71","author":"Shek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9534-6","article-title":"Introduction: Quality of Life of Chinese People in a Changing World","volume":"95","author":"Shek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9628-1","article-title":"Quality of Life Research: Responses to Emerging Issues in a Changing World","volume":"100","author":"Shek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib44","series-title":"The Cost of Substance Abuse in Canada","author":"Single","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib45","unstructured":"Van der Burgh, C., 1999. A review of the drug abuse situation in the world. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Community Epidemiology Work Group. Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse. Volume II: Proceeding of the International Epidemiology Work Group on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD, pp. 135-138."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080500368751","article-title":"Cost-utility analysis of methadone maintenance treatment: a methodological approach","volume":"41","author":"Vanagas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.006","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning in methadone maintenance patients versus abstinent heroin abusers","volume":"78","author":"Verdejo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.649222","article-title":"Change in quality of life and its predictors in heroin users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: an 18-month follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-4365-7","article-title":"Validating, improving reliability, and estimating correlation of the four subscales in the WHOQOL-BREF using multidimensional Rasch analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200611010-00007","article-title":"Changes of dopamine transporter function in striatum during acute morphine addiction and its abstinence in rhesus monkey","volume":"119","author":"Xiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.06.015","article-title":"Quality of life and its determinants of hemodialysis patients in Taiwan measured with WHOQOL-BREF(TW)","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Kidney Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01390.x","article-title":"Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of schizophrenia in Taiwan: model comparison of long-acting risperidone versus olanzapine versus depot haloperidol based on estimated costs","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib53","first-page":"342","article-title":"Development and verification of validity and reliability of the WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version","volume":"101","author":"Yao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-3867-7","article-title":"Factorial invariance of the WHOQOL-BREF among disease groups","volume":"14","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib55","first-page":"194","article-title":"The utilization and expenditure of psychiatric services for patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan","volume":"22","author":"Yeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Taiwan Journal of Public Health (Taiwan)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1607-551X(08)70099-8","article-title":"Factors related to abstinence from drug use and seeking help from medical services in Taiwanese heroin and methamphetamine users","volume":"24","author":"Yen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014_bib57","first-page":"360","article-title":"Preliminary estimation of the social cost on drug abuse in Taiwan","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"1998","journal-title":"R.O.C. Chinese Journal of Public Health (Taiwan)"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178113000358?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178113000358?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T16:51:36Z","timestamp":1562777496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178113000358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0165178113000358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The economic cost of heroin dependency and quality of life among heroin users in Taiwan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.01.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}