{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T22:45:56Z","timestamp":1780094756474,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["181831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NASATS","award":["217776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217776"]}]},{"name":"NORMENT","award":["223273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223273"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2007069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2007069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2011085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,28]],"date-time":"2016-10-28T01:31:18Z","timestamp":1477618278000},"page":"762-768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Duration of untreated illness in first-treatment bipolar I disorder in relation to clinical outcome and cannabis use"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"246","author":[{"given":"Levi R\u00f8stad","family":"Kvitland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petter Andreas","family":"Ringen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie Ragnhild","family":"Aminoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Demmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tone","family":"Hellvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trine Vik","family":"Lagerberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Andreas","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Melle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400124","article-title":"Duration of untreated psychosis in community treatment settings in the united states","volume":"66","author":"Addington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200603000-00010","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in men with substance use disorder","volume":"12","author":"Albanese","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.990919","article-title":"Is duration of illness really influencing outcome in major psychoses?","volume":"69","author":"Altamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01450.x","article-title":"Duration of untreated illness in major depressive disorder: a naturalistic study","volume":"61","author":"Altamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e3283384c74","article-title":"Age at onset and latency to treatment (duration of untreated illness) in patients with mood and anxiety disorders: a naturalistic study","volume":"25","author":"Altamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0085-2","article-title":"Duration of untreated illness and suicide in bipolar disorder: a naturalistic study","volume":"260","author":"Altamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.024","article-title":"Misdiagnosis, duration of untreated illness (DUI) and outcome in bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms: a naturalistic study","volume":"182","author":"Altamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.07.021","article-title":"Long-term trajectories of positive and negative symptoms in first episode psychosis: a 10year follow-up study in the OPUS cohort","author":"Austin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.037","article-title":"Predominant polarity in bipolar disorders: further evidence for the role of affective temperaments","volume":"182","author":"Azorin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00575.x","article-title":"Sequencing of substance use and affective morbidity in 166 first-episode bipolar I disorder patients","volume":"10","author":"Baethge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.02057.x","article-title":"Does prophylaxis-delay in bipolar disorder influence outcome? Results from a long-term study of 147 patients","volume":"107","author":"Baethge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.1999.010206.x","article-title":"Latency and episodes before treatment: response to lithium maintenance in bipolar I and II disorders","volume":"1","author":"Baldessarini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00385.x","article-title":"Effects of treatment latency on response to maintenance treatment in manic-depressive disorders","volume":"9","author":"Baldessarini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.04.038","article-title":"Cannabis use and first manic episode","volume":"165","author":"Bally","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.01.004","article-title":"The development of insight and its relationship with suicidality over one year follow-up in patients with first episode psychosis","volume":"162","author":"Barrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib16","article-title":"Stage managing bipolar disorder","author":"Berk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/09638230903469111","article-title":"Evidence and implications for early intervention in bipolar disorder","volume":"19","author":"Berk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.01.027","article-title":"History of illness prior to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder","volume":"103","author":"Berk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.05.025","article-title":"Cognitive and clinical outcomes associated with cannabis use in patients with bipolar I disorder","volume":"200","author":"Braga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.03.035","article-title":"Predominant polarity as a course specifier for bipolar disorder: a systematic review","volume":"163","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib21","article-title":"Public health significance of bipolar disorder: implications for early intervention and prevention","author":"Conus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.07.003","article-title":"Effects of cannabis use on age at onset in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"126","author":"De Hert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000338608","article-title":"Can long-term outcomes be improved by shortening the duration of untreated illness in psychiatric disorders? A conceptual framework","volume":"46","author":"Dell'Osso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01917.x","article-title":"Duration of untreated bipolar disorder: missed opportunities on the long road to optimal treatment","volume":"127","author":"Drancourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(87)90009-7","article-title":"Reliability and relationship of various ages of onset criteria for major affective disorder","volume":"12","author":"Egeland","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012","article-title":"The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance","volume":"33","author":"Endicott","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e561","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06504","article-title":"Clinical expression of bipolar disorder type I as a function of age and polarity at onset: convergent findings in samples from France and the United States","volume":"73","author":"Etain","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib28","series-title":"Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders - Clinical Version (SCID-CV)","author":"First","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib29","series-title":"Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders - Clinical Version (SCID-CV)","author":"First","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.016","article-title":"Cannabis use and mania symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Gibbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n1105","article-title":"Features associated with the delayed initiation of mood stabilizers at illness onset in bipolar disorder","volume":"63","author":"Goldberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109102919","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised second edition--recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology","volume":"23","author":"Goodwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60512-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years: a systematic analysis","volume":"377","author":"Gore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02191557","article-title":"First onset and early symptomatology of schizophrenia. A chapter of epidemiological and neurobiological research into age and sex differences","volume":"242","author":"Hafner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.00985.x","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and its relationship to mood disorder symptoms and co-occurring alcohol and cannabis use disorders following first hospitalization for bipolar disorder","volume":"14","author":"Heffner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01004.x","article-title":"Neurocognitive functioning in patients recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder","volume":"14","author":"Hellvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.05.002","article-title":"Cannabis use and expression of mania in the general population","volume":"95","author":"Henquet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.11.001","article-title":"Diagnostic stability in bipolar disorder in clinical practise as according to ICD-10","volume":"85","author":"Kessing","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259","article-title":"The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence","volume":"142","author":"Khantzian","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550","article-title":"The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications","volume":"4","author":"Khantzian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib42","first-page":"5","article-title":"Treatment of patients with substance use disorders, second edition. American Psychiatric Association","volume":"164","author":"Kleber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0389-x","article-title":"Continued cannabis use at one year follow up is associated with elevated mood and lower global functioning in bipolar I disorder","volume":"15","author":"Kvitland","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib44","article-title":"Cannabis use in first-treatment bipolar I disorder: relations to clinical characteristics","author":"Kvitland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181ef3ef4","article-title":"Treatment delay and excessive substance use in bipolar disorder","volume":"198","author":"Lagerberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-011-0188-4","article-title":"Excessive cannabis use is associated with earlier age at onset in bipolar disorder","volume":"261","author":"Lagerberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib47","article-title":"Indications of a dose-response relationship between cannabis use and age at onset in bipolar disorder","author":"Lagerberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.10.031","article-title":"Age at onset of bipolar disorder in a Norwegian catchment area sample","volume":"124","author":"Larsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2005.00181.x","article-title":"Age at onset in bipolar affective disorders: a review","volume":"7","author":"Leboyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.9.1183","article-title":"Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"149","author":"Loebel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2012.10.011","article-title":"General medical conditions are associated with delay to treatment in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"54","author":"Maina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00501.x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of unrecognized bipolar I and II disorders","volume":"10","author":"Mantere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.07.025","article-title":"The duration of undiagnosed bipolar disorder: effect on outcomes and treatment response","volume":"168","author":"McCraw","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.2.143","article-title":"Reducing the duration of untreated first-episode psychosis: effects on clinical presentation","volume":"61","author":"Melle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.6.634","article-title":"Prevention of negative symptom psychopathologies in first-episode schizophrenia: two-year effects of reducing the duration of untreated psychosis","volume":"65","author":"Melle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.054452","article-title":"Age at onset of first episode and time to treatment in in-patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"194","author":"Morken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.009","article-title":"The role of comorbidities in duration of untreated illness for bipolar spectrum disorders","volume":"188","author":"Murru","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.07.042","article-title":"Co-occurring mental and substance abuse disorders: a review on the potential predictors and clinical outcomes","volume":"186","author":"Najt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09020299","article-title":"Impact of substance use disorders on recovery from episodes of depression in bipolar disorder patients: prospective data from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD)","volume":"167","author":"Ostacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib60","article-title":"The association between diagnosis, treatment delay and outcome among patients with bipolar disorders","author":"Oyffe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2006.03.008","article-title":"Generalizability studies of the Global Assessment of Functioning-Split version","volume":"48","author":"Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comprhensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.127753","article-title":"Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"205","author":"Penttila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1785","article-title":"Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Perkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Age at onset, course of illness and response to psychotherapy in bipolar disorder: results from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD)","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.011","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers in treatment seeking for cannabis dependence","volume":"133","author":"van der Pol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1014386","article-title":"Sensitization, kindling, and carbamazepine: an update on their implications for the course of affective illness","volume":"25","author":"Post","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2003.00051.x","article-title":"An overview of recent findings of the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network (Part I)","volume":"5","author":"Post","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.037820","article-title":"Incidence of childhood-onset bipolar illness in the USA and Europe","volume":"192","author":"Post","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04994yel","article-title":"Early-onset bipolar disorder and treatment delay are risk factors for poor outcome in adulthood","volume":"71","author":"Post","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170700236X","article-title":"Differences in prevalence and patterns of substance use in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"38","author":"Ringen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(86)90060-0","article-title":"The inventory for depressive symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings","volume":"18","author":"Rush","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00465.x","article-title":"Is bipolar disorder overdiagnosed among patients with substance abuse?","volume":"9","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00900-8","article-title":"The impact of substance abuse on the course of bipolar disorder","volume":"48","author":"Strakowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00388.x","article-title":"Early age at onset of bipolar disorder is associated with more severe clinical features but delayed treatment seeking","volume":"9","author":"Suominen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00310-4","article-title":"Bipolar disorder in the general population in The Netherlands (prevalence, consequences and care utilisation): results from the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS)","volume":"68","author":"Ten","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04580","article-title":"Baseline characteristics and outcomes in patients with first episode or multiple episodes of acute mania","volume":"71","author":"Tohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.150623","article-title":"Duration of untreated psychosis and need for admission in patients who engage with mental health services in the prodromal phase","volume":"207","author":"Valmaggia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0322-8","article-title":"Predominant polarity in bipolar disorder and validation of the polarity index in a German sample","volume":"14","author":"Volkert","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000014","article-title":"Kindling of life stress in bipolar disorder: comparison of sensitization and autonomy models","volume":"124","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016517811630419X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016517811630419X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T04:26:09Z","timestamp":1589689569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016517811630419X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S016517811630419X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Duration of untreated illness in first-treatment bipolar I disorder in relation to clinical outcome and cannabis use","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.064","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}