{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:42:30Z","timestamp":1787218950594,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006379","name":"VA Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IK2RX001298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK2RX001298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006379","name":"VA Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IK2CX000718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK2CX000718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Career Development Award","award":["IK2 CX000525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK2 CX000525"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,27]],"date-time":"2016-11-27T07:45:54Z","timestamp":1480232754000},"page":"250-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Nonsuicidal self-injury and interpersonal violence in U.S. veterans seeking help for posttraumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"247","author":[{"given":"Patrick S.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"Van Voorhees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Elbogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Dedert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina P.","family":"Clancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren P.","family":"Hair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hertzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean C.","family":"Beckham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan A.","family":"Kimbrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib2","article-title":"AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care","author":"Babor","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018095","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder: a dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system?","volume":"117","author":"Bandelow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199712)53:8<859::AID-JCLP11>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Interpersonal violence and its correlates in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"53","author":"Beckham","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490080106","article-title":"The development of a clinician-administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale","volume":"8","author":"Blake","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20343","article-title":"Covariation of self- and other-directed aggression among inpatient youth: continuity in the transition to treatment and shared risk factors","volume":"36","author":"Boxer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080369","article-title":"Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: prevalence, correlates, and functions","volume":"68","author":"Briere","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.7.641","article-title":"Prevalence and psychological correlates of occasional and repetitive deliberate self-harm in adolescents","volume":"161","author":"Brunner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib9","first-page":"874","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury among a sample of United States military personnel and veterans enrolled in college classes","volume":"70","author":"Bryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.07.009","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury as a prospective predictor of suicide attempts in a clinical sample of military personnel","volume":"59","author":"Bryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015251210928","article-title":"Caregiver burden and psychological distress in partners of veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"15","author":"Calhoun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.03.005","article-title":"Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: the experiential avoidance model","volume":"44","author":"Chapman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09081247","article-title":"Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"167","author":"Cloitre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890709336839","article-title":"Validity of the Personality Assessment Inventory aggression scales and Violence Potential Index in veterans with PTSD","volume":"88","author":"Crawford","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.15","article-title":"Parent-child interactions, peripheral serotonin, and self-inflicted injury in adolescents","volume":"76","author":"Crowell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031544","article-title":"Revisiting the serotonin-aggression relation in humans: a meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Duke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09050739","article-title":"Correlates of anger and hostility in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans","volume":"167","author":"Elbogen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.03.009","article-title":"Improving risk assessment of violence among military Veterans: an evidence-based approach for clinical decision-making","volume":"30","author":"Elbogen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.07.003","article-title":"Statistical procedures for analyzing mental health services and cost data","volume":"160","author":"Elhai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., Williams, J.B.W., 1994. Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM-IV Disorders, 2nd ed. Biometrics Research Department, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1037\/t07827-000"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013","article-title":"Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Fliege","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.12.005","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing affect regulation and social problem-solving psychotherapies for mothers with victimization-related PTSD","volume":"42","author":"Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200105000-00008","article-title":"Gun use, attitude toward violence, and aggression among combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"189","author":"Freeman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012779403943","article-title":"Measurement of deliberate self-harm: preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory","volume":"23","author":"Gratz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002134","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial and uncontrolled 9-month follow-up of an adjunctive emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder","volume":"44","author":"Gratz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib26","series-title":"Social Class and Mental Illness","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1958"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20258","article-title":"Anger, hostility, and aggression among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans reporting PTSD and subthreshold PTSD","volume":"20","author":"Jakupcak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.60.6.916","article-title":"Problems in families of male Vietnam Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"60","author":"Jordan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib29","first-page":"53","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. psychological assessment","volume":"1","author":"Keane","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.06.039","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in Iraq\/Afghanistan war veterans","author":"Kimbrel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21932","article-title":"Deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation among male Iraq\/Afghanistan-era veterans seeking treatment for PTSD","volume":"27","author":"Kimbrel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.03.026","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury as a predictor of active and passive suicidal ideation among Iraq\/Afghanistan war veterans","volume":"227","author":"Kimbrel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.12.004","article-title":"Forms of non-suicidal self-injury as a function of trait aggression","volume":"59","author":"Kleiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002497","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions","volume":"41","author":"Klonsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.22","article-title":"Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: a latent class analysis","volume":"76","author":"Klonsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib36","series-title":"Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder","author":"Linehan","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1374-6","article-title":"Acute tryptophan depletion and self-injurious behavior in aggressive patients and healthy volunteers","volume":"203","author":"McCloskey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacolgy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024771121189","article-title":"Analysis of violent behavior in Vietnam combat veteran psychiatric inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"12","author":"McFall","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib39","unstructured":"Resnick, H.S., Weaver, T., 1994. Habit Questionnaire. Unpublished mansucript. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, Charleston, SC."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.05.001","article-title":"Self-mutilative behaviors in male veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"42","author":"Sacks","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the alcohol use disorders screening test (audit). who collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07111774","article-title":"Neurobiology of aggression and violence","volume":"165","author":"Siever","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.02.015","article-title":"Early predictors of deliberate self-harm among adolescents. A prospective follow-up study from age 3 to age 15","volume":"93","author":"Sourander","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib44","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Suicide and Self Injury","article-title":"Psychological treatment for nonsuicidal self-Injury","author":"Stanley","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00264-5","article-title":"Self-destructiveness and serotonin function in bulimia nervosa","volume":"103","author":"Steiger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib46","unstructured":"Straus, M., 1989. Physical violoence in American familiies: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8145 families pp. 535\u2013559, New scoring methods for violence and new norms for the Conflict Tactics Scales. Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/351733","article-title":"Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the conflict tactics scales","volume":"41","author":"Straus","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib48","series-title":"Physical Violence in American Families","article-title":"Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the Conflict Tactics Scale","author":"Straus","year":"1990"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21554","article-title":"Personality assessment Inventory internalizing and externalizing structure in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: associations with aggression","volume":"40","author":"Van Voorhees","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199504000-00010","article-title":"Self- and other-directed aggression in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients","volume":"34","author":"Vivona","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1029","article-title":"Clinician-administered PTSD scale: a review of the first ten years of research","volume":"13","author":"Weathers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib52","unstructured":"Weathers, F.W., Newman, E., Blake, D.D., Nagy, L.M., Schnurr, P., Kaloupek, D.G., Charney, D.S., Keane, T.M., 2004. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS): Interviewer\u2019s Guide. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504262965","article-title":"Self-injurious behaviors, PTSD arousal, and general health complaints within a treatment-seeking sample of sexually abused women","volume":"19","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.03.016","article-title":"Negative cognitive style and perceived social support mediate the relationship between aggression and NSSI in hospitalized adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Wolff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032_bib55","first-page":"782","article-title":"Alcohol problems, aggression, and other externalizing behaviors after return from deployment: Understanding the role of combat exposure, internalizing symptoms, and social environment","volume":"68","author":"Wright","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178116312045?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178116312045?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T22:00:07Z","timestamp":1749765607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178116312045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0165178116312045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nonsuicidal self-injury and interpersonal violence in U.S. veterans seeking help for posttraumatic stress disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}